ap bio Flashcards

11561915631	metabolism	the totality of an organism's chemical reactions manages material and energy resources of a cell	0
11561924113	catabolic pathways	leads to the release of energy by the breakdown of complex molecules to simplify compounds. ex. digestive enzymes break down food and release energy	1
11562487226	anabolic pathways	consumes energy to build up complex molecules from simple ones ex: your body links together amino acids to form muscle protein in response to physical exercise	2
11562508180	energy	the capacity to do work	3
11562511338	kinetic energy	anything thats moving	4
11562514008	potential energy	stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object - resting	5
11562598545	chemical energy	a form of potential energy that is stored in molecules, amount of energy depends on chemical bonds	6
11562638721	themodynamics	energy transformations that occur in matter	7
11562673205	first law of thermodynamics	energy is constant, energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed	8
11562685621	second law of thermodynamics	every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe	9
11562689393	entropy	the amount of disorder or randomness	10
11562707636	free energy change in a reaction tells us whether or not	the reaction occurs spontaneously	11
11562746357	free energy	the part of a systems energy that is able to preform work when the temperature of the system is uniform	12
11562792646	symbol for free energy	ΔG ; delta g	13
11562838372	exergonic reaction	energy is released, occur spontaneously (not necessarily quickly) and release free energy to the system ^G<0	14
11562859796	endergonic reaction	requires energy, absorbs free energy, require free energy from a system	15
11562899705	atp powers cellular work by	coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions	16
11562903820	energy coupling	The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.	17
11562908513	primary source for cells energy in energy coupling	atp (adenosine triphosphate)	18
11563009180	when a phosphate group is hydrolyzed	energy is released in a exergonic reaction	19
11563062978	work in the cell is done by the release	of a phosphate group from atp	20
11563089183	the exergonic release of the phosphate group is used to	do the endergonic work of the cell	21
11563098472	When ATP transfers one phosphate group through hydrolysis, it becomes	adp	22
11563153772	catalyst	substances that speed up a chemical process without actually changing the products of reactions	23
11563156321	enzymes	macromolecules that are biological catalysts	24
11563161867	activation energy	amount of energy needed to start a reaction - amount of energy it takes to break the bonds of the reactant molecules	25
11563181048	How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?	by lowering the activation energy - without changing the free energy change of the reaction	26
11563193540	the reactant that the enzyme works on is the	substrate	27
11563272810	effect of enzyme on reaction rate		28
11563318826	active site	the part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate	29
11563322716	enzyme-substrate complex	When an enzyme binds to its substrate, it forms: held by weak interactions (ex. hydrogen and ionic bonds)	30
11563335786	substrates, after binding to enzymes	is converted into products , and released from the enzyme	31
11563378744	after the product is released	active site is available for new substrates, enzymes can be reused	32
11563391674	protein enzymes 3 dimensional shape is drastically affected by	changes in ph and tempreture	33
11563430390	changes in precise shape of an enzyme	means that the enzyme will not be as effective	34
11563442173	when the temperature and ph are not optimal	reaction rate is altered	35
11563465054	Many enzymes require	nonprotein helpers called cofactors	36
11563471438	cofactors include	metal ions like zinc, iron, and copper	37
11563478427	cofactors function	to allow catalysts so occur	38
11563485632	If the cofactor is an organic molecule, it is called a?	coenzyme	39
11563489190	Coenzymes	organic cofactors (vitamins)	40
11563494852	competitive inhibitors	are reversible inhibitors that compete with the substrate for the active site of an enzyme	41
11563508056	competitive inhibitors are chemically	similar to the normal substrate molecule	42
11563516894	competitive inhibitors often	reduce the efficiency of the enzyme as it competes for the active site	43
11563532088	noncompetitive inhibitor	do not directly compete with the substrate molecules instead they impede (prevent) enzyme activity by binding to another part of the enzyme	44
11563549087	noncompetitive inhibitor cause the enzyme to	change its shape, rendering the active site nonfunctional	45
11563573286	many enzyme regulators bind to	an allosteric site on the enzymes	46
11563576521	allosteric site	specific binding site, but not the active site	47
11563590533	one bound to the allosteric site	shape of a enzyme is changed , that can either stimulate or inhibit enzyme activity	48
11563642968	the end product of a enzymatic pathway can switch off its pathway by	binding to a allosteric site of an enzyme in the pathway termed feedback inhibitation	49
11563653320	feedback inhibition	increases the efficiency of the pathway by turning it off when the end product accumulates in the cell	50
11563904548	thermal energy	is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules	51
11563913407	closed system	matter is not allowed to enter or leave - isolated (liquid in a thermos)	52
11563918966	open system	A system in which matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings. (organisms)	53
11563928167	energy that is unusable is lost as	heat	54
11563935594	change in total energy (enthalpy)	^ H	55
11563942495	Entropy shown as	^S	56
11563946504	processes with a negative delta g are	spontanous	57
11563963072	Most enzymes are	proteins exception ribozymes (rna)	58
11563976291	enzymes lower activation energy by	Orienting substrates correctly Straining substrate bonds Providing a favorable microenvironment	59
11563988369	gene regulation	the turning on and off of genes that code for specific enzymes	60
11563996734	negative feedback	An accumulation of an end product slows the process that produces that product (sugar breakdown generates ATP; excess ATP inhibits an enzyme near the beginning of the pathway)	61
11564004707	positive feedback	The end product speeds up production (Chemicals released by platelets that accumulate at injury site, attract MORE platelets to the site.)	62
11564016553	Coopertivity	a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity Binding of one substrate to active site of one subunit locks all subunits in active conformation	63