AP World History Period 1 & 2 Review Flashcards

12395229874	Agriculture	The practice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis.	0
12395229875	Eurasia	The large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia.	1
12395229876	Animism	The belief that animals, Rivers, and other elements of nature embody spirits.	2
12395229877	Irrigation	A way of supplying water to an area of land, the people would use water from the rivers to irrigate their crops.	3
12395229878	Metallurgy	The science of the study of metals.	4
12395229879	Monotheism	The belief in one God.	5
12395229880	Paleolithic Period	Old Stone Age, where humans used stone tools and weapons.	6
12395229881	Specialization of labor	The division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work.	7
12395229882	Neolithic Revolution	The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle.	8
12395229883	Bronze Age	The period in ancient human culture when people began to make and use bronze.	9
12395229884	Civilization	The stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.	10
12395229885	Patriarchal	Relating to a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority.	11
12395229886	Tigris and Euphrates Rivers	Flow south from modern day Turkey through what is now Iraq to empty into the Persian Gulf.	12
12395229887	Mesopotamia	Land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers where many ancient civilizations arose from.	13
12395229888	Fertile Crescent	An arc of fertile land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf .	14
12395229889	Sumerians	Group of nomadic pastoralists that migrated into Mesopotamia and created a civilization of Sumer that provided the core and the foundation of several other civilizations.	15
12395229890	Ziggurats	Temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped.	16
12395229891	Indus River Valley	Developed near water and became the core and foundation of later civilizations in the region.	17
12395229892	Mesoamerica	An area of ancient civilization in what is now Central America.	18
12395229893	Polytheistic	Belief in many gods.	19
12395229894	Ziggurats	Temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped.	20
12395229895	Abraham	Founder of Judaism.	21
12395229896	Vedas	A collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs.	22
12395229897	Golden Age	A period in which a society or culture is at its peak.	23
12395229898	Mandate of Heaven	A just rulers power was bestowed by the gods.	24
12395229899	City-State	Typically covered several hundred square miles and were independent each with its own government.	25
12395229900	Scribes	Individuals who were charged first with record-keeping and later with the writing of history and myths.	26
12395229901	The Epic of Gilgamesh	An epic poem from Mesopotamia, is among the earliest surviving works of literature.	27
12395229902	Empire	Large territory that included diverse cultural groups.	28
12395229903	Babylonians	Persians who took control of Mesopotamia and built a new capital city called Babylon.	29
12395229904	Hammurabi	Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC), and created a set of laws called the Code of Hammurabi.	30
12395229905	Code of Hammurabi	Law code introduced when Hammurabi of Babylon took over Sumer in 1760 BC, that dealt with topics such as property rights, wages, contracts, marriage, and various crimes.	31
12395229906	Phoenicians	Most powerful traders along the Mediterranean, that occupied parts of present day Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan around 3000 B.C.E.	32
12395229907	Carthage	A Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa, that became a significant outpost in the region.	33
12395229908	Nile River	The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around.	34
12395229909	Old Kingdom	A period in Egyptian history that lasted from about 2700 BC to 2200 BC.	35
12395229910	Middle Kingdom	A period of order and stability that lasted until about 1750 BC.	36
12395229911	New Kingdom	The period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory.	37
12395229912	Pharaoh	A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.	38
12395229913	Hittites	Had military advantage over the Egyptians because they were beginning to use iron tools and weapons.	39
12395229914	Shang Dynasty	Ruled for 600 years, conquered neighboring peoples and established an empire, wielded tremendous economic and religious power.	40
12395229915	Ahura Mazda	In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.	41
12395229916	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.	42
12395229917	Aryans	Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.	43
12395229918	Axum	Classical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished	44
12395229919	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	45
12395229920	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama	46
12395229921	Confucianism	The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.	47
12395229922	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	48
12395229923	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	49
12395229924	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	50
12395229925	Filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	51
12395229926	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 C.E.).	52
12395229927	Han dynasty	Dynasty that ruled China from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement.	53
12395229928	Hellenistic era	The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.	54
12395229929	helots	The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.	55
12395229930	Herodotus	Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.	56
12395229931	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	57
12395229932	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	58
12395229933	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	59
12395229934	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.	60
12395229935	Maya	The major classical civilization of Mesoamerica; flourished from 250 to 900 C.E.	61
12395229936	Moche of Andean South America	An important regional civilization of Peru, governed by warrior-priests; flourished from around 100 to 800 C.E.	62
12395229937	Niger Valley Civilization	Distinctive city-based civilization that flourished from about 300 B.C.E. to about 900 C.E. in the floodplain of the middle Niger and that included major cities like Jenne-jeno; the Niger Valley civilization is particularly noteworthy for its apparent lack of centralized state structures, having been organized instead in clusters of economically specialized settlements.	63
12395229938	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	64
12395229939	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	65
12395229940	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	66
12395229941	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.	67
12395229942	Pericles	A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.	68
12395229943	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	69
12395229944	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.	70
12395229945	Plebians	Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	71
12395229946	Punic Wars	Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.	72
12395229947	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	73
12395229948	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).	74
12395229949	Teotihuacán	The largest city of pre-Columbian America, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000; seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico, flourished between 300 and 600 C.E., during which time it governed or influenced much of the surrounding region. The name is an Aztec term meaning "city of the gods."	75
12395229950	Tikal	Major Maya city, with a population of perhaps 50,000 people.	76
12395229951	Untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	77
12395229952	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	78
12395229953	Wang Mang	A Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 C.E. to 23 C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates.	79
12395229954	Wudi	Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	80
12395229955	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	81
12395229956	Roman Empire	stretched from modern day Britain to modern day Iran.	82
12395229957	filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	83
12395229958	Han	Chinese dynasty that ruled from 202 B.C.E.-220 C.E, embraced Confucianism.	84
12395229959	Roman roads	were built throughout the empire for trade and transportation; over 50,000 miles	85
12395229960	Silk Roads	Which trade route is indicated by the map?	86
12395229961	sanskrit	Primary sacred language of hinduism	87
12395229962	reincarnation	Hindu and Buddhist belief that souls are reborn into new bodies over and over.	88
12395229963	Four Noble Truths	as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism	89
12395229964	Five Basic Relationships	ruler/subject; father/son; husband/wife; older brother/younger brother; friend/friend	90
12395229965	Daoist architecture	Chinese building style influenced by one of the main philosophies that emerged during the period of Warring States	91
12395229966	Athens	A Greek city-state and the birthplace of democracy.	92
12395229967	Sparta	a greek city-state known for its strength and trained warriors	93
12395229968	Peloponnesian War	30 year conflict between Sparta and Athens that ended with a Spartan victory but left Greece weak	94
12395229969	Hellenism	Cultural syncretism that blended five of the greatest classical civilizations after Alexander the Great	95
12395229970	Great Wall of China	Boundary built in the northern part of China to keep invaders from attacking	96
12395229971	Hadrian's Wall	Northern border of the Roman Empire in Britannia	97
12395229972	Pataliputra	The capital of both Mauryan and Gupta empires	98
12395229973	Alexandria	An ancient city in Egypt built by Alexander the Great; center of Hellenism	99
12395229974	Constantinople	The capital of the eastern Roman Empire and later of the Byzantine Empire	100
12395229975	corvee labor	Labor tax; peasants had to work for free for part of the year	101
12395229976	Huns	A tribe originating north of China; one of the last barbarian groups to invade Western Europe; helped bring an end to the Han, Gupta, and Romans	102
12395229977	Huang He	Where the first Chinese civilizations developed	103
12395229978	Yellow Turban Rebellion	A major Chinese peasant revolt that helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty.	104