Campbell Biology Chapter 22 Flashcards
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| 12581646463 | Catastrophism | Explanation of landforms and fossil faunas by floods. | 0 | |
| 12581646486 | Voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle 1831-36 |  | 1 | |
| 12581646464 | Galapagos Islands | Volcanic archipelago; Geologically young. Diversification (adaptive radiation) from mainland ancestors. | 2 | |
| 12581646465 | Evolution by Natural Selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than do other individuals because of those traits. | 3 | |
| 12581646466 | Evolution | Descent with modification; the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation. Evolution happens to populations, not individuals. Evolution can happen through artificial selection, natural selection, or by chance ("genetic drift"). | 4 | |
| 12581646467 | Artificial Selection | Artificial selection alters animals and plants through the same mechanism as natural selection to produce desired traits but is directed by man. |  | 5 |
| 12581646468 | Adaptation | Inherited characteristics that that enhance survival and reproduction in specific environments | 6 | |
| 12581646469 | Species | Species generally do not interbreed or share alleles with one another, so each is an independent entity. |  | 7 |
| 12581646470 | Darwin's Evidence | Domesticated varieties and effects of artificial selection . Fossil record. Comparative anatomy and homology. Biogeography- (including island faunas). | 8 | |
| 12581646471 | Homology | 2 things are similar because of common origin and retention of similarity. Both are copies of an original. (or copies of copies) |  | 9 |
| 12581646472 | Analogy | 2 things have different origin but have become similar. They have converged. |  | 10 |
| 12581646473 | Molecular Homologies | Sequence similarity can be quantified. (% identity) Statistical analysis can be used to reconstruct relationships. (molecular phylogeny) |  | 11 |
| 12581646474 | Biogeography | The scientific study for the geographic distributions of species; organisms in different places evolved there over time. ie. Galapagos Finches and Australian Marsupials. | 12 | |
| 12581646475 | Microevolution | Change of allele frequency in a population over generations. | 13 | |
| 12581646476 | Macroevolution | Origin of species and higher taxa through microevolutionary processes and other factors. | 14 | |
| 12581646477 | Hardy-Weinberg Theorem | Random mating, no natural selection, no mutation, no migration, large population | 15 | |
| 12581646478 | Directional selection | selection for one extreme |  | 16 |
| 12581646479 | Disruptive selection | selection for both extremes |  | 17 |
| 12581646480 | Stabilizing selection | selection for average form |  | 18 |
| 12581646481 | Sexual selection | pick mate based on trait |  | 19 |
| 12581646482 | Intrasexual Competition | Male-male competition for access to mates. Leads to sexual dimorphism |  | 20 |
| 12581646483 | Intersexual Competition | Females choose between male mates. |  | 21 |
| 12581646484 | Gene Flow | Immigration or emigration of individuals to and from a population can alter allele frequencies and bring in new alleles. |  | 22 |
| 12581646485 | Mutation | Mutation is a source of new alleles but is unlikely to change allele frequencies because it is a rare event. | 23 | |
| 12581806872 | Descent with modification | The principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time | 24 | |
| 12581825213 | Observations and inferences as the basis for descent with modification/evolution | Observation 1: Members of a population vary in their inherited traits. Observation 2: All species can produce more offspring than their environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce Inference 1: Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than do other individuals. Inference 2: This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations. | 25 | |
| 12582015399 | Linnaeus created what system of classification | Nested classification system | 26 | |
| 12582027431 | Scala naturae | All living organisms arranged in a linear order from simple to complex | 27 | |
| 12582041110 | Strata | Superimposed layers of sedimentary rock | 28 | |
| 12582046338 | Paleontology | The study of fossils, developed by Cuvier | 29 | |
| 12582051158 | Cuvier | Catastrophism: interpreted paleontology to support sudden catastrophic events in which areas were repopulated by different species immigrating from other areas. Believed species don't evolve. | 30 | |
| 12582107618 | Lamarck | French biologist who proposed that life changes through two principles. 1. Use and disuse: parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger (giraffes stretching neck to reach leaves on high branches) 2. Inheritance of acquired characteristics: organism can pass on these modifications to its offspring. Variation is a result of an innate drive to become more complex | 31 | |
| 12582243214 | Points to remember about natural selection | 1. Individuals do not evolve 2. If all of the individuals within a population are genetically identical for that trait, evolution by natural selection cannot occur. 3. Even if a trait is favorable in one place or time, it may be useless in another place or time. | 32 | |
| 12584707084 | Vestigial structures | Remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors | 33 | |
| 12584710881 | Homologous structures | Variations on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor (not necessarily similar structure) | 34 | |
| 12585004852 | S. Aureus and soapberry bug examples highlight which three points about natural selection | 1. Natural selection is a process of editing, not a creative mechanism (natural selection doesn't create but just edits/deletes organisms that are unfit). 2. Evolution can occur rapidly with new generations; just a few years with S. aureus or decades with soapberry bugs. 3. Natural selection depends on time and place, favoring those that match the current, local environment. | 35 | |
| 12585031786 | Evidences of evolutionary change | 1. Direct observation (introduced species: the soapberry bugs, evolution of S. Aureus) 2. Homology (homologous structures, vestigial structures, homologous but possibly inactive genes) 3. Fossil Record (changes within a species, interconnectedness/relation between different species/common ancestors) 4. Biogeography | 36 | |
| 12585073045 | Evolutionary Tree | A diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms | 37 | |
| 12585092300 | Convergent Evolution | Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments | 38 | |
| 12585098510 | Analogous Structures | Structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function (similar function but not common ancestry) | 39 | |
| 12585187301 | Fossil record provides evidence of | 1. Extinction of species 2. Origin of new groups 3. Changes within groups over time | 40 | |
| 12585219545 | Endemic | A species that is native or confined to a particular region or people | 41 | |
| 12585285347 | Hutton and Lyell | Thought that geologic change could result from gradual mechanisms that operated in the past in the same manner as they do today | 42 |