ap world history Flashcards

9975868988	mongols	Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph; from Mongolia	0
9975901833	golden horde	1 of 4 subdivisions of Mongol empire after Chinggis Khan's death; originally ruled by his grandson Bantu; covered much of modern day south central Russia	1
9975920906	pax mongolica	stablishing effects of conquests of Mongol Empire	2
9975950383	white lotus society	secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical to peasant resistance to Mongol rule	3
9975962910	yuan	empire/ruling dynasty of China; established by Kublai Khan	4
9975976900	renaissance	cultural/political movement in Western Europe; started in Italy c1400; rested on urban vitality/expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than Middle Ages	5
9976000198	medici	powerful Italian family of bankers and merchants whose members effectively ruled Florence for much of 15th century/from 1569 were grand dukes of Tuscany	6
9976020323	humanism	focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles; in particular the study of ancient languages	7
9976054565	last supper	painting by Leonardo da Vinci that shows Jesus having his last supper with his disciples	8
9976058212	vitruvian man	drawing by Leonardo da Vinci; also has notes based on the works of the architect Vitruvius	9
9976061474	leonardo da vinci	Italian painter, sculptor, engineer, scientist, and architect; most versatile genius of the Italian Renaissance	10
9976078189	brunelleschi	Italian architect celebrated for his work during the Florence Renaissance	11
9976092895	martin luther	not MLK;German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church	12
9976123417	95 theses	list of propositions for an academic disputation; written by Martin Luther in 1517	13
9976128109	anabaptism	doctrine that baptism should be administered by believing adults, held by radical Protestant sect that emerged during 1520s and 1530s	14
9976155179	catholic reformation	restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs	15
9976172004	lutheranism	major branch of Protestant Christianity that identifies with ideology of Martin Luther	16
9976180864	calvinism	Protestant theological system of John Calvin and his successors, which develops Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone and emphasizes the faith of God and doctrine of predestination	17
9976201162	protestantism	general wave of dissent of Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious beliefs	18
9976220045	caravel	a small,fast Spanish/Portuguese sailing ship of the 15-17th centuries	19
9976223322	lateen sail	a triangular sail on a long yard at an angle of 45 degrees to the mast	20
9976224970	vasco da gama	Portuguese captain who sailed for India in 1497; established early Portuguese dominance in Indian Ocean	21
9976240269	mercantilism	economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe	22
9976267061	potosi	mine located in upper Peru/modern day Bolivia; largest of New World silver mines; produced 80% of all Peruvian silver	23
9976279716	mita	labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control	24
9976292978	castas paintings	showed lineage, breed, race, to describe as a whole, the mixed raced people that appeared in the post-Conquest period	25
9976295562	mestizos	people of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in colonies of Spain; often part of forced labor system	26
9976313374	peninsulares	people living in New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain	27
9976318712	columbian exchange	widespread transfer of plants/culture/animals/human populations/ technology/ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade following Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492	28
9983921958	middle passage	slave voyage from Africa to Americas (16th-18th centuries); generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture	29
9983953424	factories	European trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce	30
9983985396	industrialization	the development of industries in a country or region as a whole	31
9984004532	textile industry	primarily concerned with the design, production, and distribution of yarn, cloth, and clothing	32
9984026272	imperialism	a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force	33
9984043023	opium war	fought between British and Qing China starting in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade	34
9984076466	nationalism	political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe; urged importance of natural unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin	35
9984094096	taiping rebellion	broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry	36
9984125887	boxer rebellion	popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials	37
9984155843	tokugawa shogunate	last feudal Japanese military government; took place from 1600-1868	38
9984181517	meiji restoration	an event that restored practical imperial rule to Empire of Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji	39
9984200611	berlin conference	regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power	40
9984224966	king leopold	reigned as the second king of Belgium from 1865-1909; became known for the founding and brutal exploitation of the Congo Free State as a private venture	41
9984252257	qing	Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid 17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south	42
9984271841	sergei witte	Russian minister of finance from 1892-1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking systems; encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia	43
9984292271	panama canal	an aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans; completed 1914	44
9984332463	monroe doctrine	American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade	45
9984367090	white dominions	colonies in which European settlers made up the overwhelming majority of the population; small numbers of native inhabitants were typically reduced by disease and wars of conquest; typical of British holdings in North America and Australia with growing independence in the 19th century	46
9984399182	suez canal	built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Red Sea with Mediterranean Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives; permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment	47
9984442897	princely states	domains of Indian princes allied with the British Raj; agents of East India Company were stationed at the rulers' courts to ensure compliance; made up over 1/3 of the British Indian Empire	48
9984464612	sati	the practice followed by small minorities, usually upper caste, of Indians of burning widows on funeral pyres of their dead husbands	49
9984482453	sepoys	troops that served the British East India Company; recruited mainly from various warlike peoples of India	50
9984499400	british raj	British political establishment in India; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain in India	51
9984511498	franz ferdinand	heir apparent to Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that led to World War 1	52
9984528144	world war 1	a war between the allies (Britain,France, Russia, Italy, United States, Romania, Serbia, Greece, Portugal,Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany,Austria-Hungary,Turkey,Bulgaria) from 1914-1918	53
9984565404	triple alliance	alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War 1	54
9984580777	triple entente	alliance among Britain,Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War 1	55
9984600441	central powers	Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire in World War 1	56
9984613479	allied powers	Britain,France, Italy, Russia, and the United States in World War 1	57
9984626848	trench warfare	a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other; used in World War 1	58
9984631314	zimmermann note	secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event prior to the United States entering the war against Germany	59
9984667400	wilsons 14 points	14 goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War 1	60
9984683883	treaty of versailles	a document signed between Germany and the Allied Powers that officially ended the war	61
9984698794	russian revolution	a revolution in Russia from 1918-1919; overthrew the czar and brought the bolsheviks to power	62
9984717421	bolsheviks	literally the majority party; most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution	63
9984749646	communism	a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs	64
9984751592	vladimir lenin	architect of Russia's Bolshevik revolution; 1st leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	65
9984773144	ussr	a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia ; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia etc.....); officially dissolved on December 31, 1991	66
9984776653	joseph stalin	successor to Lenin as head of USSR; strongly nationalist view of communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of 5 year plans to replace new economic policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through World War 2; furthered Cold War with Western Europe and the United States; died in 1953	67
9984833495	collectivism	practice/principle of giving a group priority over each individual in it	68
9984846418	5 year plans	a government plan for economic development over 5 years	69
9984859769	gulag	system of labor camps maintained in the former USSR from 1930-1955 in which many people died	70
9984872260	fascism	political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and later Germany during the 1920s and 1930s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction	71
9984905438	blitzkrieg	German term for lightning warfare; involved rapid movement of airplanes, tanks, and mechanized troop carriers; resulted in early German victories over Belgium, Holland, and France in World War 2	72
9984926545	battle of britain	the 1940 Nazi air offensive including saturation bombing of London and other British cities; countered by British innovative air tactics and radar tracking of German assault aircraft	73
9984963426	pearl harbor	American naval base in Hawaii; attack by Japanese on this facility in December 1941 crippled American fleet in the Pacific and caused United States to enter World War 2	74
9984980022	d day	Allied forces invaded northern France by means of beach landings in Normandy	75
9984993104	total war	warfare of the 20th century; vast resources and emotional commitments of belligerent nations were marshaled to support military effort; resulted from impact of industrialization on the military effort reflecting technological innovation and organizational capacity	76
9985026675	yalta conference	meeting among leaders of the United States , Britain , and Russia in 1945; agreed to Soviet entry into the Pacific war in return for possessions in Manchuria, organization of the United Nations; disputed the division of political organization in the eastern European states to be reestablished after the war	77
9985577193	potsdam conference	meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and Russia just before the end of the war in 1945; Allies agreed upon Soviet domination in eastern Europe; Germany and Austria to be divided among victorious Allies	78
9985606149	midway	World War 2 Pacific battle; decisive US victory over powerful Japanese carrier force	79
9985620806	stalingrad	a major battle between German and Russian troops in World War 2; fought in the winter of 1942-1943; ended with the surrender of an entire German army; considered a major turning point in the war for the Allies	80
9985646725	potsdam declaration	a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces in World War 2	81
9985663815	iron curtain	phrase coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between free and communist societies taking shape in Europe after 1946	82
9985681721	marshall plan	program of substantial loans initiated by the United States in 1947; designed to aid Western nations in rebuilding from the war's devastation; vehicle for American economic dominance	83
9985704766	nato	a military alliance of European and North American democracies found after World War 2 to strengthen international ties between member states and to serve as a counter balance to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact	84
9985741703	truman doctrine	the principle that the United States should give support to countries or people threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection	85
9985758954	cuban missile crisis	a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of missiles in Cuba	86
9985781490	green revolution	introduction of improved seed strains/fertilizers/irrigation as a means of producing higher yields in crops such as rice/wheat/corn; particularly important in the densely populated countries in Asia	87
9985820830	african national congress	black political organization within South Africa; pressed for end to policies of apartheid; sought open democracy leading to majority black rule; until the 1990s declared illegal in South Africa	88
9985850780	fw de klerk	white South African prime minister in late 1980s and early 1990s; working with Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress ; helped to dismantle the apartheid and opened the way for a democratically elected government that represented all South Africans for the first time	89
9985900443	mao zedong	communist leader in China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all of mainland China by 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958	90
9985961282	great leap forward	economic policy of Mao Zendong introduced in 1958; proposed industrialization of small-scale projects integrated into peasant communes; led to economic disaster; ended in 1960	91
9985991247	cultural revolution	movement initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 to restore his dominance over pragmatists; used mobs to ridicule Mao's political rivals; campaign was called off in 1968	92
9986015287	viet cong	name given by the Diem regime to Communist guerrilla movement in southern Vietnam; recognized with North Vietnamese assistance as the National Liberation Front in 1958	93
9986051068	korean war	fought from 1950-1953; North supported by USSR and People's Republic of China; South supported by the United States and small international United Nations forces; ended in stalemate and continued division of Korea	94
9986075851	warsaw pact	alliance organized by the Soviet Union with its eastern European satellites to balance formation of NATO by Western powers in 1949	95
10096635590	mongol conquest of russia	a full scale invasion by Bantu Khan from 1237-1240; was ended by the Mongol succession process upon the death of Ogedei Khan; all principalities were forced to submit to Mongol rule and became part of the Golden Horde	96
10096662497	mongol conquest of persia	1219-1221; marked the beginning of the Mongol conquest of Islamic states	97
10096674971	mongol conquest of china	a series of major military efforts by the Mongol Empire to invade China proper; spanned 6 decades in the 13th century; involved the defeat of the Jin dynasty, Western Xia, the Dali Kingdom, and the southern song	98
10096699857	mongol conquest of india	1221-1327; many of the later raids made by the unruly Qaraunas of Mongol origin	99
10096725532	short bows	originated with the Mongols; very much part of their life for hunting as well as warfare	100