Cells Flashcards

7857695978	adenosine triphosphate (ATP)	compound used by cells to store and release energy	0
7857695979	aerobic	process that requires oxygen	1
7857695980	anaerobic	process that does not require oxygen	2
7857695981	anaphase	phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell	3
7857695982	apoptosis	process of programmed cell death	4
7857695983	asexual reproduction	process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent	5
7857695984	ATP synthase	cluster of proteins that span the cell membrane and allow hydrogen ions (H+) to pass through it	6
7857695985	Autotroph	organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer	7
7857695986	binary fission	type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells	8
7857695987	Calorie	measure of heat energy in food; equivalent to 1000 calories	9
7857695988	Calvin cycle	light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar	10
7857695989	Cancer	disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth	11
7857695990	Cell	basic unit of all forms of life	12
7857695991	cell division	by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells	13
7857695992	cell membrane	thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells; regulates what enters and leaves the cell	14
7857695993	cell theory	fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are composed of cells; that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and that new cells are produced from existing cells	15
7857695994	cell wall	strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells	16
7857695995	cellular respiration	process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen	17
7857695996	centriole	structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division	18
7857695997	centromere	region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach	19
7857695998	chlorophyll	principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms	20
7857695999	chloroplast	organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy	21
7857696000	chromatid	one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome	22
7857696001	chromatin	substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones	23
7857696002	chromosome	threadlike structure within the nucleus that contains genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next	24
7857696003	cyclin	a regulatory molecule that induces mitosis when its levels increase	25
7857696004	cytokinesis	division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells	26
7857696005	cytoplasm	fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus	27
7857696006	cytoskeleton	network of protein filaments in a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell its shape and internal organization and is involved in movement	28
7857696007	differentiation	process in which cells become specialized in structure and function	29
7857696008	diffusion	process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated	30
7857696009	DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)	the macromolecule containing genetic information	31
7857696010	electron transport chain	series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions	32
7857696011	embryo	developing stage of a multicellular organism	33
7857696012	endergonic reaction	a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy	34
7857696013	endoplasmic reticulum	internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells; place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled	35
7857696014	eukaryote	organism whose cells contain a nucleus	36
7857696015	exergonic reaction	a chemical reaction that releases energy	37
7857696016	facilitated diffusion	process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels	38
7857696017	FAD	small energy carrier molecule	39
7857696018	Fermentation	process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen	40
7857696019	G0 phase	resting phase during which the cell does not prepare to divide	41
7857696020	G1 phase	phase of the cell cycle in which the cell carries out normal functions and prepares to replicate its DNA	42
7857696021	G2 phase	phase of the cell cycle in which the cell prepares to begin mitosis	43
7857696022	Gene	sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; factor that is passed from parent to offspring	44
7857696023	genetic information	set of genes that code for all the proteins needed by an organism	45
7857696024	glycolysis	first set of reactions in cellular respiration in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid	46
7857696025	Golgi apparatus	organelle in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell	47
7857696026	growth factor	a regulatory molecule that stimulates or inhibits the rate of cell division	48
7857696027	heterotroph	organism that obtains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer	49
7857696028	histone	protein that associates with DNA to form chromosomes	50
7857696029	homeostasis	relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain	51
7857696030	hypertonic	when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes	52
7857696031	hypotonic	when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes	53
7857696032	interphase	period of the cell cycle between cell divisions	54
7857696033	isotonic	the concentration of two solutions is the same	55
7857696034	Krebs cycle	second stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions	56
7857696035	light-dependent reactions	set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH	57
7857696036	light-independent reactions	set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle	58
7857696037	lipid bilayer	flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings	59
7857696038	lysosome	cell organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can used by the rest of the cell	60
7857696039	Metaphase	phase of mitosis where the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell	61
7857696040	Mitochondria	cell organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use	62
7857696041	Mitosis	part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides	63
7857696042	Multicellular	consisting of many cells	64
7857696043	Multipotent	with limited potential to develop into many types of differentiated cells	65
7857696044	NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)	electron carrier involved in glycolysis	66
7857696045	NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)	carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules	67
7857696046	nuclear envelope	membrane around the nucleus	68
7857696047	nuclear pores	holes in the membrane of the nucleus through which substances enter and exit	69
7857696048	nucleolus	small structure found in the cell nucleus containing protein and nucleic acids	70
7857696049	nucleus	in cells, structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA	71
7857696050	organelle	specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell	72
7857696051	osmosis	diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane	73
7857696052	osmotic pressure	pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane	74
7857696053	photosynthesis	process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen	75
7857696054	photosystem	cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in thylakoids	76
7857696055	pigment	light-absorbing molecule used by plants to gather the sun's energy	77
7857696056	pluripotent	cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body's cell types	78
7857696057	prokaryote	unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus	79
7857696058	prophase	first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible	80
7857696059	ribosome	cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in a cell; the site of protein synthesis	81
7857696060	S phase	phase of the cell cycle during which DNA is replicated	82
7857696061	selectively permeable	property of biological membranes that allows some substances to pass across the membrane while others cannot	83
7857696062	stem cell	unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells	84
7857696063	stroma	fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside the thylakoids	85
7857696064	telophase	phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin	86
7857696065	thylakoid	saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts	87
7857696066	tissue	group of similar cells that perform a particular function	88
7857696067	totipotent	cells that are able to develop into any type of cell found in the body	89
7857696068	tumor	mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue	90
7857696069	unicellular	consisting of one cell	91
7857696070	vacuole	cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates	92