AP World History Chapter 15 Flashcards

12221594631	Catholic Counter-Reformation	An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability	0
12221594632	Condorcet and the ideas of progress	The Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) was a French philosopher and political scientist who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improbability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept abay by the triumph of reason	1
12221594633	Nicolaus Copericus	Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos	2
12221594634	European Enlightenment	European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society	3
12221594635	Jesuits in China	Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert Chinese elite, although with limited success	4
12221594636	Kaozheng	Literally, "research based on evidence," Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents	5
12221594637	Mirabai	One of India's most beloved bhakti poets (1498-1547), she helped break down the barriers of caste and tradition	6
12221594638	Issac Newton	English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose foundation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution	7
12221594639	Protestant Reformation	Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovated in its challenges to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone"	8
12221594640	Sikhism	Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca.1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women	9
12221594641	Taki Onqoy	Literally, "dancing sickness;" a religious revivial movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean golden age	10
12221594642	Ursula de Jesus	Slave and later religious Laywoman at the Peruvian Convent of Santa Claus (1606-1666), a lucky escape inspired her to pursue a pious life of mortification and good works gaining a reputation as a women of extraordinary devotion and humility as well as a visionary and mystic	11
12221594643	Voltaire	Pen name of the French Philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), whose work is often taken as a model of enlightenment questioning on traditional values and attitudes; noted for his dream and his criticism of traditional religion	12
12221594644	Wahhabi Islam	Major Islamic movement led by Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated as austere lifestyle and strict adherence to Islamic law	13
12221594645	Bhakti	Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine	14
12221594646	Council of Trent	The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses	15
12221594647	Charles Darwin	Highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen as a threat to revealed religious truth	16
12221594648	Desim	Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly to human affairs	17
12221594649	Edict of Nantes	1598 edict issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars on Religion	18
12221594650	Sigmund Freud	Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today	19
12221594651	Galileo Galilei	Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church	20
12221594652	Huacas	Local gods of the Andes	21
12221594653	Huguenots	The Protestant minority in France	22
12221594654	Martin Luther	German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe	23
12221594655	Guru Nanak	Founder of Sikhism (1469-1539)	24
12221594656	Ninety-five Theses	List of ninety-five debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity	25
12221594657	Matteo Ricci	The most famous Jesuit missionary in China in the early modern period; active in China from 1582 to 1610	26
12221594658	Scientific Revolution	Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method	27
12221594659	Society of Jesus	Also called "Jesuits," this Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon became a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the borders of Europe	28
12221594660	Thirty Years' War	Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with Peace of Westphalia (1648)	29
12221594661	Wang Yangmin	Prominent Chinese philosopher (1472-1529) who argued that it was possible to achieve a virtuous life by introspection, without the extensive education of traditional Confucianism	30