AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

11120760394	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
11120760395	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
11120760396	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
11120760397	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
11120760398	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
11120760399	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
11120760400	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
11120760401	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
11120760402	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
11120760403	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
11120760404	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
11120760405	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
11120760406	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
11120760407	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
11120760408	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	14
11120760409	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	15
11120760410	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	16
11120760411	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	17
11120760412	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	18
11120760413	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	19
11120760414	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	20
11120760415	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	21
11120760416	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	22
11120760417	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	23
11120760418	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	24
11120760419	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	25
11120760420	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	26
11120760421	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	27
11120760422	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	28
11120760423	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	29
11120760424	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	30
11120760425	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	31
11120760426	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	32
11120760427	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	33
11120760428	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	34
11120760429	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	35
11120760430	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	36
11120760431	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	37
11120760432	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	38
11120760433	Manzikert	Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory	39
11120760434	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	40
11120760435	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	41
11120760436	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	42
11120760437	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	43
11120760438	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	44
11120760439	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	45
11120760440	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	46
11120760441	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	47
11120760442	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	48
11120760443	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	49
11120760444	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	50
11120760445	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	51
11120760446	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	52
11120760447	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	53
11120760448	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	54
11120760449	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	55
11120760450	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	56
11120760451	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	57
11120760452	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	58
11120760453	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	59
11120760454	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	60
11120760455	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a slice of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	61
11120760456	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	62
11120760457	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	63
11120760458	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	64
11120760459	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	65
11120760460	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	66
11120760461	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	67
11120760462	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	68
11120760463	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	69
11120760464	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	70
11120760465	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	71
11120760466	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	72
11120760467	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	73
11120760468	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	74
11120760469	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	75
11120760470	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	76
11120760471	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	77
11120760472	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	78
11120760473	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	79
11120760474	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	80
11120760475	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	81
11120760476	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	82
11120760477	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	83
11120760478	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	84
11120760479	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	85
11120760480	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	86
11120760481	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	87
11120760482	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi	88
11120760483	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	89
11120760484	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	90
11120760485	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	91
11120760486	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	92
11120760487	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	93
11120760488	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	94
11120760489	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	95
11120760490	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	96
11120760491	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	97
11120760492	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	98
11120760493	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	99
11120760496	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	100
11120760511	Silk Road Trade system		101
11120760512	Kingdom of Mali		102
11120760497	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	103
11120760498	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	104
11120760499	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	105
11120760500	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	106
11120760501	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	107
11120760502	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	108
11120760503	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	109
11120760504	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	110
11120760513	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		111
11120760505	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	112
11120760506	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	113
11120760507	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	114
11120760514	Bantu Migrations		115
11120760508	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	116
11120760509	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	117