AP Biology Chapter 16 Flashcards

12780637852	DNA replication	The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis	0
12780637853	transformation	In incorporation of external DNA into an organism's genome	1
12780637854	bacteriophage	A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage	2
12780637855	virus	An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope	3
12780637856	Chargaff's Rule	Chromosomes will contain equal amounts of adenine and thymine	4
12780637857	double helix	The structure of double stranded DNA.	5
12780637858	antiparallel	The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions (3' --> 5' / 5' --> 3')	6
12780637860	2 hydrogen bonds	adenine forms	7
12780637861	3 hydrogen bonds	guanine forms	8
12780637863	semiconservative model	Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand	9
12780637864	conservative model	the two parental strands somehow come back together after the process	10
12780637865	dispersive model	all strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA	11
12780637866	origin of replication	Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides	12
12780637867	replication fork	A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized.	13
12780637868	helicase	An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands.	14
12780637869	single-strand binding protein	A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA	15
12780637870	topoisomerase	A protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands. During DNA replication, ________ helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork	16
12780637871	primer	A short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication	17
12780637872	primase	An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template	18
12780637873	DNA polymerase III	An enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a nucleotide to a free 3' carbon on another nucleotide.	19
12780637875	nucleoside triphosphate	a nucleoside (a sugar and base) with three phosphate groups. where each added nucleotide comes from	20
12780637876	leading strand	The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' --> 3' direction	21
12780637877	lagging strand	A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' --> 3' direction away from the replication fork	22
12780637878	okazaki fragment	A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. Many such segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA.	23
12780637881	DNA polymerase I	Replaces RNA primer nucleotides with DNA nuceleotides	24
12780637882	DNA ligase	A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5' end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain)	25
12780637885	mismatch repair	The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides	26
12780637886	nuclease	An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides	27
12780637887	nucleotide excision repair	A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment (usually DNA pol I) of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide	28
12780637888	thymine dimers	the covalent linking of thymine bases that are adjacent on a DNA strand. causes the DNA to buckle and interfere with DNA replication	29
12780637889	telomeres	Repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule. ________ protect the organism's genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication. repeating TTAGGG sequence between 100 and 1000 times	30
12780637890	telomerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells	31
12780637892	histones	Proteins which DNA is coiled around to form a nucleosome	32
12780637894	nucleosome	DNA coiled around histone proteins =	33
12780637896	histone tail	the amino end that extends outwards from each histone	34
12780637903	chromatin	Condensed strands of nucleosomes. Wraps up further into chromosomes	35
12780637904	heterochromatin	Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed	36
12780637905	euchromatin	The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is more available for transcription	37
12780637910	phosphodiester bond	bond between the phosphate & the sugar in DNA or RNA	38
12780902532	Griffith's experiment	Discovered that bacteria can incorporated external DNA into their genomes. Was attempting to make a vaccine for pneumonia	39
12780913707	Avery Oswald Experiment	Discovered that DNA was the transformative agent in Griffith's experiment by using enzymes to degrade the other possible components and then checking for transformation	40
12780921066	Hersey and Chase	Used radioactive markers and viruses to determine that DNA was the transformative agent in bacteria, not proteins	41
12780948312	Meselson-Stahl Experiment	Used different isotopes of nitrogen to change the weight of DNA. Demonstrated that the semi-conservative model is the best description of replication.	42
12780958857	Virulent	Disease causing	43
12780961886	Non-virulent	Does not cause disease	44