AP - Biochemistry Flashcards

10784124987	Isotopes	Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons	0
10784124988	Covalent bonds	Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms	1
10784124989	Nonpolar covalent bonds	A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity	2
10784124990	Polar covalent bonds	A type of covalent bond in which electrons are not share equally between 2 atoms; the more electronegative atom pulls electrons closer to itself, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive	3
10784124991	Ionic bonds	Bonds formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another; The more electronegative atom steals electrons from the less electronegative atom	4
10784124992	Hydrogen bonds	Weak bonds that occurs when a positively charged hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electronegative atom in another molecule	5
10784124993	Van der Waals Interactions	Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from asymmetrical distributions of electors creating temporary partial charges	6
10784124994	Cohesion	An attraction between molecules of the same substance; Example: water molecules sticking to other water molecules	7
10784124995	Adhesion	An attraction between molecules of different substances; Example: water molecules sticking to cellulose	8
10784124996	Surface tension	A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	9
10784124997	Transpiration	Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant resulting in the loss of water	10
10784124998	Specific heat	The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius	11
10784124999	Evaporative cooling	The property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic energy to the gaseous state	12
10784125000	Solution	A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances	13
10784125001	Solvent	A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances	14
10784125002	Solute	A substance that is dissolved in a solution	15
10784125003	Hydrophobic	Water fearing; nonpolar substances that repel water or do not dissolve in water	16
10784125004	Hydrophilic	Water loving; polar substances that have a tendency to mix with or dissolve in water	17
10784125005	Acid	A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution	18
10784125006	Base	A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution	19
10784125007	Buffer	A solution that minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution	20
10784125008	Isomer	Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures	21
10784125009	Dehydration synthesis	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule; functions to assemble polymers from monomers	22
10784125010	Hydrolysis	A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of a water molecule; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers	23
10784125011	Protein	A molecule that is made up of amino acids; contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur	24
10784125012	Peptide Bond	The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	25
10784125013	Primary protein structure	The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain	26
10784125014	Secondary protein structure	Hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern; alpha helix and beta pleated sheet	27
10784125015	Tertiary protein structure	Interactions between side chains of amino acids; results in H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interactions, covalent bonds, etc.	28
10784125016	Quaternary protein structure	Association between two or more polypeptide chains within one protein	29
10784125017	Denatured	Loss of a protein's or enzyme's normal shape so that it no longer functions; usually caused by a change in pH or temperature	30
10784125018	Nucleic Acid	A molecule that is made up of nucleotides; contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus	31
10784125019	Nucleotide	Monomer of DNA and RNA; consists of a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base	32
10784125020	DNA	A double stranded nucleic acid that stores hereditary information; deoxyribonucleic acid	33
10784125021	Carbohydrate	A molecule that is made up of saccharide subunits; contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen	34
10784125022	Glycosidic linkage	The covalent bond that forms between two monosaccharides	35
10784125023	Lipid	A molecule that is made up of saccharide subunits; contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen	36
10784125024	Saturated fats	Fatty acid chains that lack double bonds; since the chains are tightly packed, they are solid at room temperature	37
10784125025	Unsaturated fats	Fatty acid chains that contain 1 or more double bonds; since the chains are not tightly packed, they are liquid at room temperature	38
10784125026	Enzyme	A protein that acts as a biological catalyst, which speeds up a chemical reaction in a living organisms	39
10784125027	Catabolic pathway	A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds	40
10784125028	Anabolic pathway	A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds	41
10784125029	Cofactor	Non-protein helpers that are required for proper enzyme function; Examples: Zn, Fe, Cu	42
10784125030	Coenzyme	An organic molecule serving as a cofactor; required for proper enzyme function; Example: vitamins	43
10784125031	Competitive inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to the enzyme's active site in place of the substrate; competitive inhibitor mimic the structure of the enzyme's substrate	44
10784125032	Noncompetitive inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location apart from the active site, changing its shape so that it no longer binds to the substrate	45
10784125033	Allosteric regulation	When a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule at a separate site	46
10784125034	Feedback inhibition	A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway	47