apes Flashcards

9785140881	The Dung of the Devil	1918-1920 used to cure Spanish flu also helped for H1N1 flu (2009-2010) biodiversity has instrumental (practical) value for people	0
9785153516	ecosystem diversity	the number and types of ecosystems in a region and the complexity of the systems - number of trophic levels -number of niches measure of ecological health for a region	1
11082953322	species diversity	the variety of species in an ecosystem -> often represented with count measure of health for an ecosystem	2
11082969017	genetic diversity	variety of genes and traits present in a population -> one species measure of health for a population	3
11083014003	number of species identified	2 million	4
11083016541	number of estimated species	5-100 million	5
11083016542	best estimate of number of species	10 million	6
11083029390	why is it hard to estimate the total number of species	most species are hard to find most come out at night they are live in inaccessible locations cannot be seen with a microscope	7
11083044370	largest group of species	insects	8
11083072428	species richness	the number of species in a given area used to give an approximate sense of biodiversity in a given place	9
11083472636	species evenness	the relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a location tells us whether a particular ecosystem is numerically dominated by one species or whether all of its species have abundances	10
11083502765	high species evenness	species are all represented by similar numbers of individuals	11
11083507121	low species evenness	one species is represented by many individuals whereas other species are represented by only a few individuals	12
11083599548	evolution	change in genetic composition of a population over time	13
11083620639	microevolution	within one species change in gene frequency a new trait becomes "fixed" (100% of the population has the trait)	14
11083685997	macroevolution	when genetic changes give rise to new species (larger categories of organisms into which species are organized) relationships between different species phylogeny and speciation	15
11083729717	how is genetic diversity created?	through mutation and recombination	16
11083832699	mutation	an occasional mistake in the copying process produces a random change in the genetic code UV radiation may also cause mutation can be harmful or beneficial	17
11083893457	recombination	occurs as chromosomes are duplicated during reproductive cell division and a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome does not create new genes but creates new and different combinations of alleles on a chromosome	18
11083842656	can changes in genotypes produce changes in phenotypes?	yes	19
11083944546	artificial selection	when humans determine which individuals to breed, typically with a preconceived set of traits in mind example: dogs from wolf	20
11083987583	natural selection	the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce	21
11084024847	key ideas to Darwins theory	individuals produce an excess of offspring. not all offspring can survive. individuals differ in their traits. differences in traits can be passed on from parents to offspring. differences in traits are associated with differences in the ability to survive and reproduce.	22
11084074039	fitness	ability to survive and reproduce	23
11084077463	adaptations	traits that improve an individuals fitness	24
11084170046	genetic drift	a change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating	25
11084196654	bottleneck effect	drastic reduction in the size of a population that reduces genetic variation can occur from habitat loss, a natural disaster, harvesting by humans, or changes in the environment	26
11084325129	founder effect	change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals	27
11084522130	allotropic speciation	the physical separation of a group of individuals from others of the same species geographic and reproductive isolation ex: the mice	28
11084546870	sympatric speciation	evolution of one species into two species without geographic isolation polyploidy - have more chromosome sets and become reproductively isolated from original diploid ancestor	29
11084643561	evolution occurs fast when	small population short generation time high biodiversity high mutation rate high selective pressure	30
11084650291	evolution occurs slow when	large population long generation time low biodiversity low mutation rate low selective pressure	31
11084690735	GMOs	using genetic engineering techniques, scientists can now copy genes from a species with some desirable trait, such as rapid growth or disease resistance. Scientists can insert these genes into other species of plants, animals, or microbes to produce them	32
11084725323	range of tolerance	limits to the abiotic conditions they can tolerate	33
11084749074	fundamental niche	the suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce	34
11084762954	realized niche	range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives	35
11085022939	niche generalist	can live under a very wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions	36
11085022940	niche specialists	specialized to live under a very narrow range of conditions or feed on a small group of species	37
11085204208	5 mass extinctions	Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Triassic, Cretaceous	38