Chapter 21 -- Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict Flashcards

7145170898	Define communism.	Communism is a political ideology that (a) seeks to create a classless society, largely devoid of private property, and (b) seeks to create that society through uncompromising revolution.	0
7145175472	What were the two largest communist regimes of the 20th century?	Soviet Union and China	1
7145187725	What was the name of the alliance between the USSR and other communist E. European governments?	Warsaw Pact	2
7145190285	In what ways did the Communist revolutions resemble the French Revolution?	The idea that human action could lead to the construction of new and better world.s.	3
7145193724	What year did the Russian Revolution occur?	1917	4
7145196812	What likely caused the Russian Revolution?	WW1 caused major food shortages in Russia, and the lower classes blamed the elites for these shortages.	5
7145200198	What was the major political change caused by the food shortages?	Tsar Nicholas II was forced to give up his throne.	6
7145209916	What major social upheavals occurred after Tsar Nicholas gave up his title?	Trade unions rose, and workers seized control of the factories. Peasants seized landlords estates and claimed the land for their own.	7
7145214669	Which political group gained in popularity during the post-Tsar Nicholas era?	The Bolsheviks	8
7145215210	Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks?	Lenin	9
7145240039	Who did the Bolsheviks largely appeal to?	Workers in the cities	10
7145223260	What were the core political messages of the Bolsheviks?	Worker control of factories, end to WW1, land for the peasants	11
7145230753	How did the USSR change E. Europe post-WW2 and WHY?	The Russians imposed communism on E.. European countries from the outside, largely because they wanted friendly governments in the region.	12
7145235581	When did Communism triumph in China?	1949	13
7145236796	Who was the leader of Communism in China?	Mao Zedong	14
7145240992	Who did the Chinese Communist Party largely appeal to?	Chinese agricultural peasants.	15
7145242668	How did the CCP recruit women?	The CCP appealed to women by creating measures of near equality: no arranged marriages, easier divorce, women's voting, and property rights. HOWEVER, opposition to these measures lead them to ultimately fail.	16
7148231551	What led to an explosion in the size of the CCP?	The Japanese invasion of China --- many Chinese were impressed by the ability of the CCP to wage guerilla warfare against the invaders.	17
7148233589	How did the CCP treat peasants?	The CCP wanted to attract peasants, and so they reduced their rent, taxes, and also established literacy programs for adults.	18
7148238636	What did "building socialism" mean to China and the Soviet Union?	They wanted to modernize and industrialize their societies, but they wanted to do it in a classless way that prevented new inequalities.	19
7148241511	In what ways were the new Communist governments totalitarian?	Other political parties were forbidden; the state controlled the economy; and the government controlled media and arts in order to conform the people to a certain way of thinking.	20
7148250144	How did the Soviet Union affect women's role in society?	The Soviets gave women full political equality including marriage and divorce rights, and women were actively mobilized as workers.	21
7148252408	What was Zhenotdel?	A Soviet organization that pushed a decidedly feminist agenda onto the USSR.	22
7148254035	How did Communist China affect womens role in society?	The Marriage Law of 1950 decreed free choice in marriage, divorce rights, and equal property rights. Additionally, women became much more involved outside of the household, especially in agricultural labor.	23
7148262476	How did Communist China and the USSR deal with the problem of unequal land distribution?	In both Communist Russia and the USSR, land was taken from the landholders and distributed to the peasants in the form of private property.	24
7148265742	Was the redistribution of land always a peaceful process?	No -- in China, around 1 to 2 million landlords were killed by peasants who took the land.	25
7148268352	What was the collectivization of agriculture?	Peasants worked on communal farms and shared the harvests.	26
7148270413	How did the collectivization of agriculture differ between the USSR and China?	In China, the collectivization of agriculture was largely a peaceful process; however, in the Soviet Union, violence was extensive and many peasants were killed.	27
7148275299	What were the major features of Communist-led planned economies?	(A) State ownership of property; (B) Centralized planning (C) Priority given to heavy industries, (D) massive mobilization of human resources.	28
7148278427	What were the benefits of Communist-led planned economies?	Massive economic growth, rising literacy rates and educational opportunities, and rapid urbanization.	29
7148284830	Did the USSR remain entirely classless?	Not at all. A group of state and party leaders emerged as the rulers of the country and their power was largely unchecked.	30
7148288203	What was the Great Leap Forward of 1958-1960?	Mao Zedong's attempt to promote industrialization in rural areas as opposed to just in the cities -- it's goal was to spread knowledge to all rather than just an elite few.	31
7148296127	Who were the perceived enemies of the Communist Chinese and USSR?	Ultimately, these societies attacked themselves from within. People who were seen as corrupted by capitalist ideas were often viewed as the enemy.	32
7148299506	What were the Great Purges?	In the USSR, millions of people who were accused of corrupting connections were arrested and then sentenced to death or to the gulag.	33
7148301557	Who were the Red Guards?	The Red Guards were a group made of of millions of young Chinese people who attacked the Communist party, which they viewed as corrupted.	34
7148305176	Which country became the international enemy of the USSR?	The United States	35
7148308948	What was the name of the "war" fought between the USA and the USSR?	The Cold War	36
7148309686	Where was the initial battleground of the Cold War?	In Eastern Europe. The border became known as the "Iron Curtain." However, no shots were actually fired in this dispute.	37
7148310869	Where did the Cold War get much hotter?	Insider of Korea and Vietnam; both places had USA intervention to try and prevent them from becoming Communist.	38
7148315174	What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?	The USSR sent nuclear warheads to Cuba, which led to a very tense encounter between the nations.	39
7148319389	What "arms" were both the USSR and the USA racing to acquire?	Both were racing to acquire nuclear missiles, and the number of the weapons exploded.	40
7148324107	In what ways did the United States play a global role after WW2?	The USA sent its soldiers across the world, joined many major international organizations, and created intense alliances with nearly 100 nations.	41
7148326597	What was the most productive economy post-WW2?	USA	42
7148327490	What new type of economic organization rose in the post-WW2 years?	Huge multinational corporations such as General Motors, Ford, and General Electric sold products in many countries.	43
7148349574	What were the core major steps towards the fall of Global Communism?	1. Mao Zedong dies, and the CCP abandons its principles. 2. Popular uprisings occur in E. Europe, which eliminates Communist governments. 3. The Soviet Union politically disintegrates in 1991.	44
7148353244	What explains the rapid end of the communist era?	1. The Communist economies stagnated and never caught up with the capitalists. 2. The nearly genocidal actions of the gulag and the Cultural Revolution discredited the morality of Communist leaders.	45
7148357089	What economic reforms led to more freedom in Communist China	1. Collectivized farms were replaced with small-scale agriculture. 2. Government managers of industry were encouraged to act like private business owners. 3. China opened itself up to foreign investment.	46
7148397982	What was the name of the Chinese ruler who led the economic reforms in China?	Deng Xiaoping	47
7148364101	What was the policy of Glasnost?	A USSR policy that permitted a wide range of intellectual and culture freedoms -- led to the wide exposure of poverty in the USSR.	48
7148384333	What was the policy of perestroika?	The economic program that freed state enterprises from the heavy hand of the government.	49
7148385676	What were the external factors that led to the fall of the USSR?	Over-expenditure on weapons in the Cold War and the War in Afghanistan	50
7148389680	What internal factors led to the fall of the USSR?	Perestroika and Glasnost	51
7148392153	How did Gorbachev deal with protesters in the USSR?	He actively refused to crush them, which was a signficant difference between him and the Chiense.	52