AP Psychology Unit 2 Flashcards

Unit 2 of Myers Psychology for AP

9480673203	Hindsight Bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it	0
9480673204	Double Blind Procedure	An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies	1
9480673205	Independent Variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated--the variable whose effect is being studied	2
9480673206	Dependent Variables	The outcome factor -- the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable	3
9480673207	Mode	The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution	4
9480673208	Mean	The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtaining by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores	5
9480673209	Median	The middle score in a distribution--half the scores are above it and half are below it	6
9480673210	Standard Deviations	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score	7
9480673211	Random Assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance ,thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups	8
9480673212	Random Sampling	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	9
9480673213	Scatter plot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation	10
9480673214	Illusory Correlation	The perception of a relationship where none exists	11
9480673215	Case Study	An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles	12
9480673216	Survey	A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them	13
9480673217	Naturalistic Observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation	14
9480673218	Correlation	A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1	15
9480673219	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effects on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant variable	16
9480673220	Replication	Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances	17
9480673221	Statistical Significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance	18
9480673222	Operational Definition	A statement of the procedures used to define research variables. Ex human intelligence -- what an intelligence test measures.	19
9480673223	Critical Thinking	thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.	20
9480673224	Theory	an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations	21
9480673225	Hypothesis	a testable prediction, often implied by a theory	22
9480673226	Population	all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study	23
9480673227	Sample	items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population	24
9480673228	Correlation Coefficient	a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)	25
9480673229	Placebo	experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.	26
9480673230	Placebo Effect	any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo	27
9480673231	Experimental Group	in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.	28
9480673232	Control Group	in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	29
9480673233	Confounding Variable	a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.	30
9480673234	Range	the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution	31
9480673235	Normal Curve/distribution	a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer near the extremes	32
9480673236	Inferential Statistics	numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance	33
9480673237	Culture	the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next	34
9480673238	Informed Consent	an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate	35
9480673239	Debriefing	the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants	36
9480673240	Kenneth and Mamie Clark	Used dolls to study children's attitude towards race. Their findings were used in the Brown vs. Board trial.	37
9480673241	Daniel Kahneman	an Israeli psychologist and Nobel laureate, who is notable for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making, behavioral economics and hedonistic psychology.	38
9480673242	James Randi	magician exemplifies skepticism. He has tested and debunked a variety of psychic phenomena	39
9480673243	Amos Tversky	A key figure in the discovery of systematic human cognitive bias	40