AP Biology- Biochemistry Flashcards
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| 12296178525 | ionic bond | bond resulting from a transfer of electrons |  | 0 |
| 12296178526 | covalent bond | bond resulting from the sharing of electrons |  | 1 |
| 12296178527 | nonpolar | electrons shared equally |  | 2 |
| 12296178528 | polar | electrons shared unequally |  | 3 |
| 12296178529 | buffer | substance that resists changes in pH, ex water | 4 | |
| 12296178530 | isomer | organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure |  | 5 |
| 12296178531 | monosaccharide | C6H12O6 simple sugar; glucose, galactose, and fructose |  | 6 |
| 12296192878 | Isomer | Compounds with the same formula but different structures. | 7 | |
| 12296178532 | glycerol | alcohol portion of a lipid |  | 8 |
| 12296178533 | fatty acid | hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; majority portion in lipids |  | 9 |
| 12296178534 | saturated fat | fat without double bonds, animal fat |  | 10 |
| 12296178535 | unsaturated fat | fat with double bonds, plant or fish oil |  | 11 |
| 12296178536 | steroid | lipid with a four fused ring structure; cholesterol and testosterone |  | 12 |
| 12296178537 | peptide bond | bond creating amino acid chains or polymers, Dehydration reaction |  | 13 |
| 12296178538 | primary structure | linear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds |  | 14 |
| 12296178539 | secondary structure | a specific region of a protein formed with hydrogen bonds- beta pleated sheet or alpha helix |  | 15 |
| 12296178540 | tertiary structure | overall 3D folding of one protein chain; formed from R-group interactions |  | 16 |
| 12296178541 | quaternary structure | protein complex with more than one polypeptide chain |  | 17 |
| 12296178542 | alpha helix | secondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin) |  | 18 |
| 12296178543 | beta pleated sheet | secondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk |  | 19 |
| 12296178544 | functional group | components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions | 20 | |
| 12296178545 | metabolism | sum of all chemical reactions that take place in cell | 21 | |
| 12296178546 | enzyme | catalytic protein that lowers a reaction's energy of activation |  | 22 |
| 12296178547 | induced fit model | enzyme model where the substrate induces the enzyme to alter its shape slightly so it fits better |  | 23 |
| 12296178548 | cofactor | inorganic chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity |  | 24 |
| 12296178549 | coenzyme | organic molecules that are required by certain enzymes to carry out catalysis (vitamins) |  | 25 |
| 12296178550 | competitive inhibition | compounds that look like the normal substrate compete for the same active site on the enzyme |  | 26 |
| 12296178551 | noncompetitive inhibition | a molecule binds to an enzyme somewhere other than the active site and reduces the activity of the enzyme |  | 27 |
| 12296178552 | allosteric regulation | the regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site |  | 28 |
| 12296178553 | cohesion | attractive forces between molecules of the same substance |  | 29 |
| 12296178554 | salt | an ionic compound which is made up of two groups of oppositely charged ions. | 30 | |
| 12296178555 | chemical equilibrium | when the reaction rate is the same in either direction | 31 | |
| 12296178556 | polymer | long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together |  | 32 |
| 12296178557 | monomer | the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. | | 33 |
| 12296178558 | adhesion | attractive forces between unlike molecules | | 34 |
| 12296178559 | surface tension | measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |  | 35 |
| 12296178560 | van der Waals interactions | tertiary structure; weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations |  | 36 |
| 12296178561 | evaporative cooling / heat of vaporization | property of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules |  | 37 |
| 12296178562 | disulfide bridge | tertiary structure; strong covalent bond formed when one sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another |  | 38 |
| 12296178563 | hydrophobic interaction | tertiary structure; weak chemical attraction formed when molecules that do not mix with water change conformation to exclude the water |  | 39 |
| 12296178564 | hydrocarbon | organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon, nonpolar |  | 40 |
| 12296178565 | macromolecule | giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules |  | 41 |
| 12296178566 | nucleotide (3 parts?) | building block of a nucleic acid; five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group |  | 42 |
| 12296178567 | pyrimidine | cytosine, thymine, and uracil; six-membered ring |  | 43 |
| 12296178568 | purine | adenine and guanine; six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring |  | 44 |
| 12296178569 | hydroxyl | hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar |  | 45 |
| 12296178570 | carbonyl | carbon double bonded to oxygen; ketones and aldehydes |  | 46 |
| 12296178571 | carboxyl | oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group |  | 47 |
| 12296178572 | amine | nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton |  | 48 |
| 12296178573 | sulfhydryl or Thiol | sulfur bonded to hydrogen in roughly the shape of a hydroxyl; cysteine |  | 49 |
| 12296178574 | phosphate | phosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; phospholipid |  | 50 |
| 12296178575 | methyl | carbon bonded to three hydrogens; arrangement determines function of male and female sex hormones |  | 51 |
| 12296178576 | macromolecule | a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. | 52 | |
| 12296178577 | Four classes of biological macromolecules | Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids | 53 | |
| 12296178578 | polymer | a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds. | 54 | |
| 12296178579 | dehydration synthesis | a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. | 55 | |
| 12296178580 | hydrolysis | a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in dis-assembly of polymers to monomers. | 56 | |
| 12296178581 | protein | a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. | 57 | |
| 12296178582 | Functions of proteins | structural support, catalyst, transport, defense, movement, regulation | 58 | |
| 12296178583 | amino acid | an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. The monomers of polypeptides. There are 20 different forms. Distinguished by side chains. | 59 | |
| 12296178584 | peptide bond | the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction. | 60 | |
| 12296178585 | denaturation | loss of a proteins normal 3D structure; can possibly be caused by pH and temperature which affect the ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds & hydrophilic interactions | 61 | |
| 12296178586 | enzyme | a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. most of them are proteins. | 62 | |
| 12296178587 | carbohydrate | a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). Primarily C, H and O. | 63 | |
| 12296178588 | What are the functions of carbohydrates | function as energy source & structure | 64 | |
| 12296178589 | monosaccharide | the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars, they have formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O (1:2:1). | 65 | |
| 12296178590 | disaccharide | a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction. | 66 | |
| 12296178591 | glycosidic linkage | a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. | 67 | |
| 12296178592 | polysaccharide | a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions. | 68 | |
| 12296178593 | starch | a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of alpha glucose monomers joined by x glycosidic linkages. Used for energy storage. | 69 | |
| 12296178594 | glycogen | an extensively branched alpha glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. | 70 | |
| 12296178595 | cellulose | a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of beta glucose monomers joined by B glycosidic linkages. A type of plant starch. | 71 | |
| 12296312563 | Chitin | Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls. (Beta Glucose) | 72 | |
| 12296178596 | lipids | any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water (hydrophobic). No true monomers. | 73 | |
| 12296178597 | What are the three types of lipids? | fats/oils, phospholipids & steroids | 74 | |
| 12296178598 | fat/oil | a lipid consisting of three fatty acids lined to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride. Function as energy storage. | 75 | |
| 12296178599 | saturated | a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton. | 76 | |
| 12296178600 | unsaturated | a faty acid that has one or more double bonds betwen carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. | 77 | |
| 12296178601 | triglyceride | a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule | 78 | |
| 12296178602 | phospholipid | a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts s a polar, hydrophilic head. They form bilayers that function as biological membrane. | 79 | |
| 12296178603 | steroid | a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. Function as part of membranes or hormones. | 80 | |
| 12296178604 | hydrophobic | a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water. | 81 | |
| 12296178605 | polypeptide | a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. | 82 | |
| 12296178606 | nucleotide | the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups. | 83 | |
| 12296178607 | phosphodiester linkage | bond between nucleotides in nucleotide chain to form polynucleotide | 84 | |
| 12296178608 | RNA | transmission of information, consists of monomers with a ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A) & uracil (U). Single stranded. | 85 | |
| 12296178609 | DNA | a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. | 86 | |
| 12296178610 | deoxyribose | the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides. | 87 | |
| 12296178611 | ribose | the sugar component of RNA nucleotides. | 88 |