AP World History Chapters 1-5 Vocab Flashcards

5086771616	Paleolithic Age	The Old Stone Age ending in 12000 BCE; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence	0
5086771617	Homo Sapiens	The humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period	1
5086771618	Neolithic Age	The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 BCE; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished	2
5086771619	Neolithic revolution	The succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500 BCE-3500 BCE	3
5086771620	Hunting and gathering	The original human economy, eclipsed by agriculture groups hunt for meat and forage grains, nuts and berries	4
5086771621	Bronze Age	From about 4000BCE , when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500BCE when iron began to replace it	5
5086771622	Slash and burn agriculture	Cultivation system used by shifting cultivators; clear forest floor with fire, then plant	6
5086771623	Band	Social organization of 20-30 nomadic hunter-gatherers that divided labor based on gender	7
5086771624	Civilization	Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and job specialization, existence of non farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups	8
5086771625	Nomads	Cattle/sheep-herding societies found on edges of civilized societies; referred to as barbarians	9
5086771626	City-state	Political organization used by Mesopotamia; Agricultural hinterlands ruled by urban-based king	10
5086771627	Pharoah	King of ancient Egypt	11
5086771628	Pyramids	Old Kingdom Egypt monuments used as burial sites for pharaohs	12
5086771629	Oracles	Chinese shamans who foretold future thru interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing	13
5086771630	Ideographs	Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts	14
5086771631	Monotheism	Exclusive worship of single god, introduced by Jews into Western civilization	15
5086771632	Çatal Hüyük	An early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had a greater degree of social stratification	16
5086771633	Cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	17
5086771634	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys	18
5086771635	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 BCE; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states.	19
5086771636	Ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes	20
5086771637	Babylonian Empire	Unified all of Mesopotamia ca. 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion ca. 1600 B.C.E.	21
5086771638	Hammurabi	The most important ruler of the Babylonian Empire; responsible for the codification of law	22
5086771639	Kush	An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.	23
5086771640	Indus River Valley	River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian sea; location of Harappan civilization	24
5086771641	Harappa	Along with Mohenjo-Daro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern.	25
5086771642	Mohenjo-Daro	Along with Harappa, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern.	26
5086771643	Yellow River	Also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China	27
5086771644	Shang	First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 BCE	28
5086771645	Phoenicians	A seafaring people of southwest Asia who around 1100 B.C. began to trade and established colonies throughout the Mediterranean region	29
5086771646	Zhou	Originally vassal family of Shang China, possibly Turkic; 1122-256BCE, overthrew Shang and established 2nd historical Chinese dynasty	30
5086771647	Shi Huangdi	221BCE, founder of Qin Dynasty	31
5086771648	Great Wall	Chinese defensive fortification intended to keep out northern nomadic invaders from the north; Started by Shi Huangdi	32
5086771649	Qin Dynasty	221-207BCE, established at end of Warring States after decline of Zhou dynasty	33
5086771650	Han Dynasty	202BCE, succeeded Qin and ruled for next 400 years	34
5086771651	Confucius	Also known as Kung Fuzi; major Chinese philosopher born in 6th century BCE; author of Analects; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi	35
5086771652	Buddha	Creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born 6th century BCE as a son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became an ascetic; found enlightenment under bo tree; taught enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things	36
5086771653	Alexander the Great	Philip II's successor; Successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to death in 323 BCE; Tried to combine Greek and Persian culture	37
5086771654	Himalayas	Mountain region marking northern border of India; Site of Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics	38
5086771655	Monsoons	Seasonal winds crossing India and se Asia that bring rain in summer	39
5086771656	Aryans	Indo-Europeans who replaced Harappan civilization; Militarized society; Encouraged tight levels of village organization; Originally hunters and herders; Extended agriculture to Ganges	40
5086771657	Sanskrit	Sacred and classical Indian language	41
5086771658	Vedas	Hymns to gods composed for religious and philosophical speculation; 4 ancient books of Aryan religious traditions in which the origins of Hinduism can be found	42
5086771659	Mahabharata	Classical India epic of war about princely honor, love, and sacred duty written down in last centuries BCE	43
5086771660	Ramayana	Classical India epic about King Rama and his wife Sita written 4th - 2nd centuries BCE	44
5086771661	Upanishads	Later books of Vedas; Contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; Used by Brahmans to restore religious authority	45
5086771662	Varnas	Clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; 4 social castes: Brahmins (priests), Warriors, Merchants, Peasants, Untouchables (outcasts)	46
5086771663	Untouchables	Low social caste in Hindu culture; Performed "pollution tasks" - street sweeping, human waste removal, tanning	47
5086771664	Indra	Chief deity of Aryan, colossal, hard-drinking warrior	48
5086771665	Chandragupta Maurya	Founder of Maurya dynasty; Established first empire in Indian subcontinent	49
5086771666	Maurya Dynasty	Established in India in 4th century BCE after invasion of Alexander the Great	50
5086771667	Ashoka	Chandragupta Maurya's grandson; Completed conquests of India; Converted to Buddhism, sponsored spread throughout the empire	51
5086771668	Dharma	Caste position and career determined by person's birth; Hinduism required accept social position and perform job as well as possible in order to have better situation in next life	52
5086771669	Kushans	Africans that developed along upper Nile circa 1000 BCE; Conquered Egypt and ruled for several centuries	53
5086771670	Guptas	Dynasty in 3rd century CE after Kushans; Built empire that extended to all but southern India; Less centralized than Mauryan Empire	54
5086771671	Kautilya	Chandragupta's political advisor who believed in scientific application of warfare	55
5086771672	Gurus	Originally called Brahmans; Served as teachers for princes of imperial court of Guptas	56
5086771673	Vishnu	Hindu god of sacrifice	57
5086771674	Shiva	Hindu god of destruction and reproduction; Worshipped as personification of cosmic forces of change	58
5086771675	Reincarnation	Hindu idea in which souls do not die when the body dies, but pass into other beings, either human or animal, depending on whether you have a good/bad life	59
5086771676	Nirvana	Buddhist state of enlightenment, state of tranquility	60
5086771677	Kamasutra	Written by Vatsayana during Gupta era Offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, wife selection, and love-making	61
5086771678	Stuppas	Stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and relics of Buddha; Preserved Buddhist architectural forms	62
5086771679	Scholar-Gentry	Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.	63
5086771680	Polis	City-state form of government used in Greece 800-400BCE	64
5086771681	Socrates	Late 5th cBCE Athenian philosopher; Urged rational reflection of moral decisions; Condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young	65
5086771682	Plato	Socrates' greatest pupil; Suggested humans could approach understanding of perfect forms of truth, good, and beauty that he thought underlay nature	66
5086771683	Aristotle	384 - 322 BCE, Greek philosopher; Alexander the Great's teacher; Knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world	67
5086771684	Sophocles	494-406 BCE, Greek writer of tragedy Oedipus Rex	68
5086771685	Iliad and Odyssey	Homer's Greek epic poems that defined god and human nature that shaped Greek myths	69
5086771686	Pythagoras	Hellenistic mathematician who developed many basic geometric theories which are still used today	70
5086771687	Galen	Hellenistic physician/writer who wrote many medical treaties that formed the basis for modern political practices	71
5086771688	Euclid	Hellenistic mathematician who wrote what was the world's most widely used geometry compendium for a long time	72
5086771689	Ptolemy	Hellenistic astronomer who produced an elaborate theory of the sun's motion around the Earth	73
5086771690	Sappho	One of the greatest ancient Greek poets; Her poetry developed the complexities of inner workings of humans and love	74
5086771691	Battle of Marathon	490 BCE, Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army led by the general Militades	75
5086771692	King Xerxes	486-465 BCE, Persian king who invaded Greece in retribution for earlier Persian defeats; Forces defeated by the Greeks in the battles of Salamis and Platea	76
5086771693	Themistocles	Athenian leader who advocated for Athenian navy during the Persian Wars, which led to defeat of large Persian fleet at battle of Salamis by the Athenian army	77
5086771694	Battle of Thermopylae	480 BCE, Spartan King Leonidas and his army of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians refused to surrender to the numerically superior Persian army at the Pass of Thermopylae; Annihilated, but allowed other Greek armies to prepare for Persian Invasion	78
5086771695	Pericles	Athenian political leader during 5th century BCE; Guided development of Athenian Empire; Died during early Peloponnesian War	79
5086771696	Peloponnesian Wars	431-404 BCE wars between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; Spartan victory, but no political unification of Greece	80
5086771697	Cyrus the Great	By 550BCE, established huge Persian Empire	81
5086771698	Zoroastrianism	Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; Stressed importance of moral choice; Righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; Chief religion of Persian Empire	82
5086771699	Philip II of Macedon	Ruled from 359-336 BCE; Founder of centralized kingdom; Later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority	83
5086771700	Alexander the Great	Philip II's successor; Successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to death in 323 BCE; Tried to combine Greek and Persian culture	84
5086771701	Hellenistic Period	Culture associated with spread of Greek influence because of Macedonian conquests; Seen as combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms	85
5086771702	Alexandria, Egypt	Founded and named for Alexander the Great; Site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; Center of literary studies	86
5086771703	Julius Caesar	Roman general, conquered Gaul; Brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; Assassinated in 44 BCE by conservative senators	87
5086771704	Diocletian	284-305CE, Roman emperor who improved admin and tax collection	88
5086771705	Constantine	312-337CE Roman emperor; Established second capital at Constantinople; Tried to use Christianity to unite empire	89
5086771706	Cicero	Conservative Roman senator, Stoic philosopher; Killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar	90
5086771707	Roman Republic	510-47 BCE, Rome had aristocratic Senate, magistrate panel, and popular assemblies	91
5086771708	Senate	Assembly of Roman aristocrats; Advised on policy within the republic; Early element of Roman constitution	92
5086771709	Consuls	2 chief executives or magistrates of Roman Republic; Elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy	93
5086771710	Twelve Tables	450 BCE, Roman law code developed in response to democracy of Roman republic	94
5086771711	Carthage	Originally Phoenician colony in northern Africa; Became major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; Won by Rome after 3 Punic Wars	95
5086771712	Punic Wars	Fought between Rome and Carthage to dominate western Mediterranean; Rome won after 3 separate conflicts	96
5086771713	Hannibal	Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; Successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; Finally defeated at Battle of Zama	97
5086771714	Augustus Caesar	Name given to Octavian after his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; First Roman emperor	98
5086771715	Vergil	One of greatest Roman poets during "Golden Age" of Latin literature; Author of the Aeneid	99
5086771716	Olympic games	Pan-Hellenic ritual observed by all Greek city-states; Involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations	100
5086771717	Tyranny	Gov't based on rule of absolute ruler	101
5086771718	Aristocracy	Form of government where the rich rule over everyone	102
5086771719	Direct democracy	People participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders rather than electing representatives	103
5086771720	Stoics	Hellenistic group of philosophers; Emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of body and personal bravery	104
5086771721	Doric		105
5086771722	Ionic		106
5086771723	Corinthian		107
5086771724	Herodotus	Greek historian called the "Father of History" who wrote Persian Wars account in "Histories"	108
5086771725	Axum and Ethiopia	Axum defeated Kush around 300 B.C.E. Ethiopia in turn defeated Axum. Both these African kingdoms had active contacts with the eastern Mediterranean world until after Rome's fall.	109
5086771726	Shintoism	Japanese religion that provided for worship of political rulers and spirits of nature. This was the basis for the worship of the Japanese emperor as a religious figure.	110
5086771727	Olmec Culture	Central America's first civilization (c. 800-400 B.C.E.), which developed agriculture and produced accurate calendars. It powerfully influenced later civilizations in the Americas.	111
5086771728	Polynesia	Island civilizations that reached Fiji and Samoa by 1000 B.C.E. and Hawaii by 400 C.E. They adapted local plants, introduced new animals, and imported a caste system led by a local king.	112
5086771729	Yellow Turbans	During the decline of classical China, the Yellow Turbans were a Daoist group that promised a golden age that was to be brought about by divine magic.	113
5086771730	Rajput	Regional Indian princes who ruled after the fall of the Guptas.	114
5086771731	Sahara	Desert running across northern Africa; separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa	115
5086771732	Teotihuacan	Site of classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population of as much as 200,000	116
5086771733	Maya	Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, and highly developed religion.	117
5086771734	Inca	Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire incorporating various Andean cultures; term also used for leader of empire	118
5086771735	Sui	Succeeded Han Emerged from strong northern rulers United all of northern China and reconquered southern China	119
5086771736	Tang	Succeeded Sui in 618 CE, more stable	120
5086771737	Devi	Mother Hindu goddess Widely spread after Gupta collapse Encouraged new emotionalism in religious ritual	121
5086771738	Islam	Major world religion having its origin in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad	122
5086771739	Allah	Supreme god in strictly monotheistic Islam	123
5086771740	Byzantine Empire	Eastern half of Roman Empire after West collapsed; Retained Mediterranean culture, mostly Greek; Later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam; Capital at Constantinople	124
5086771741	Justinian	Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code	125
5086771742	Saint Augustine	354 - 430 CE, influential church father and theologian; Born in Africa, became bishop of Hippo in Africa; Champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies; Important in long-term development of Christian thought like predestination	126
5086771743	Coptic Christianity	Sect in Egypt, later tolerated after Islamic takeover	127
5086771744	Bodishattvas	Buddhist holy men; Built up spiritual merits during lifetimes; Prayers even after death could help people achieve reflected holiness	128
5086771745	Mahayanna	Chinese version of Buddhism; emphasized Buddha as God or savior	129
5086771746	Jesus of Nazareth	Prophet and teacher among Jews; Believed by Christians to be Messiah; Executed c. 30 CE	130
5086771747	Paul	One of first Christian missionaries; Moved away from insistence to follow Jewish law; Use of Greek as language of Church	131
5086771748	Pope	Bishop of Rome; head of the Christian church in western Europe	132
5086771749	Benedict of Nursia	Founder of monasticism in what used to be western Roman Empire; Established Benedictine Rule in 6th century; Paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire	133
5086771750	Animism	Religious outlook that sees gods in aspects of nature and appeased them to help control and explain nature; Typical of Mesopotamian religions	134