AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

13554922432	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13554922433	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13554922434	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13554922435	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13554922436	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13554922437	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13554922438	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13554922439	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13554922440	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13554922441	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13554922442	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13554922443	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13554922444	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13554922445	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13554922446	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13554922447	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13554922448	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13554922449	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13554922450	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13554922451	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13554922452	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13554922453	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13554922454	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13554922455	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13554922456	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13554922457	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13554922458	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13554922459	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13554922460	theory	general idea being tested	28
13554922461	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13554922462	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13554922463	mode	appears the most	31
13554922464	mean	average	32
13554922465	median	middle	33
13554922466	range	highest - lowest	34
13554922467	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13554922468	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13554922469	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13554922470	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13554922471	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13554922472	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13554922473	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13554922474	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13554922666	neuron		43
13554922475	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13554922476	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13554922477	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13554922478	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13554922479	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13554922480	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13554922481	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13554922482	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13554922483	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13554922484	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13554922485	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13554922486	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13554922487	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13554922488	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13554922489	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13554922490	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13554922491	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13554922492	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13554922493	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13554922494	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13554922495	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13554922496	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13554922497	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13554922498	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13554922499	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13554922500	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13554922501	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13554922502	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13554922503	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13554922504	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13554922505	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13554922506	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13554922507	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13554922508	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13554922509	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13554922510	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13554922511	occipital lobe	vision	80
13554922512	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13554922513	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13554922514	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13554922515	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13554922516	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13554922517	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13554922518	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13554922519	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13554922520	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13554922521	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13554922522	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13554922523	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13554922524	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13554922525	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13554922526	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13554922527	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13554922528	rods	night time	97
13554922529	cones	color	98
13554922530	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13554922531	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13554922532	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13554922533	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13554922534	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13554922535	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13554922536	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13554922537	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13554922538	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13554922539	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13554922540	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13554922541	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13554922542	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13554922543	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13554922544	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13554922545	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13554922546	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13554922547	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13554922548	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13554922549	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13554922550	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13554922551	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13554922552	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13554922553	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13554922554	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13554922555	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13554922556	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13554922557	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13554922558	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13554922559	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13554922560	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13554922561	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13554922562	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13554922563	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13554922564	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13554922565	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13554922566	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13554922567	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13554922568	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13554922569	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13554922570	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13554922571	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13554922572	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13554922573	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13554922574	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13554922575	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13554922576	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13554922577	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13554922578	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13554922579	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13554922580	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13554922581	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13554922582	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13554922583	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13554922584	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13554922585	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13554922586	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13554922587	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13554922588	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13554922589	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13554922590	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13554922591	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13554922592	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13554922593	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13554922594	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13554922595	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13554922596	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13554922597	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13554922598	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13554922599	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13554922600	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13554922601	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13554922602	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13554922603	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13554922604	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13554922605	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13554922606	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13554922607	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13554922608	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13554922609	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13554922610	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13554922611	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13554922612	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13554922613	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13554922614	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13554922615	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13554922616	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13554922617	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13554922618	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13554922619	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13554922620	encoding	information going in	189
13554922621	storage	keeping information in	190
13554922622	retrieval	taking information out	191
13554922623	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13554922624	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13554922625	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13554922626	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13554922627	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13554922628	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13554922629	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13554922630	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13554922631	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13554922632	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13554922633	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13554922634	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13554922635	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13554922636	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13554922637	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13554922638	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13554922639	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13554922640	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13554922641	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13554922642	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13554922643	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13554922644	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13554922645	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13554922646	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13554922647	context	environment helps with memory	216
13554922648	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13554922649	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13554922650	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13554922651	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13554922652	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13554922653	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13554922654	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13554922655	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13554922656	prototypes	generalize	225
13554922657	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13554922658	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13554922659	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13554922660	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13554922661	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13554922662	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13554922663	grammar is _________	universal	232
13554922664	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13554922665	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234