Biochemistry Flashcards

10496538099	Glycine	Non-polar amino acid Smallest side chain Heme synthesis + Succinyl CoA Purine and creatinine synthesis Conjugated to bile acids, drugs, and other metabolites Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord	0
10496538100	Alanine	Non-polar amino acid Carrier of ammonia and carbons of pyruvate from skeletal muscle to liver	1
10496538101	Valine Leucine Isoleucine	Non-polar amino acid Branched-chain amino acid whose metabolites accumulate in MSUD	2
10496538102	Phenylalanine	Non-polar amino acid Accumulates in phenylketonuria Catalyzed to tyrosine via phenylalanine hydroxylase	3
10496538103	Tryptophan	Non-polar amino acid Largest side chain Precursor for niacin, serotonin, melatonin	4
10496538104	Methionine	Non-polar amino acid Involves in transfer of methyl groups Precursor of homocysteine	5
10496538105	Proline	Non-polar amino acid Imino acid Fibrous structure of collagen and interrupts a-helices in globular proteins	6
10496538106	Serine Threonine Tyrosine	Uncharged polar amino acid Hydroxyl group O-linked glycosylation and phosphorylation of proteins	7
10496538107	Asparagine	Uncharged polar amino acid Carbonyl and amide group for H-bonding Site for N-linked glycosylation of proteins	8
10496538108	Glutamine	Uncharged polar amino acid Carbonyl and amide group for H-bonding Deaminated by glutaminase resulting in formation of ammonia Major carrier of nitrogen to the liver from peripheral tissue	9
10496538109	Cysteine	Uncharged polar amino acid Contains sulfhydryl group that is an active part of many enzymes Biosynthesis of CoA 2 form a cystine	10
10496538110	Aspartate	Acidic amino acid Negatively charged at neutral pH Participates in ionic interaction Serves as proton donors	11
10496538111	Glutamate	Acidic amino acid Negatively charged at neutral pH Participates in ionic interaction Serves as proton donors Precursor for GABA and glutathione	12
10496538112	Arginine	Basic amino acid Positively charged at neutral pH Precursor fo creatinine, urea, and NO	13
10496538113	Lysine	Basic amino acid Positively charged at neutral pH	14
10496538114	Histidine	Basic amino acid No charge at neutral pH Used in the diagnosis of folic acid deficiency Concentration is dependent on circadian rhythm	15
10496538115	Cytochrome C	Important for O2 transfer in the ETC	16
10496538116	Uniquinone (CoQ)	The only non-protein component of the ETC	17
10496538117	↑ NADH/NAD+ and FADH2/FAD ratios ↓ oxygen consumption ↓ ATP	Effects of ETC inhibitors	18
10496538118	Uncouplers	Increases permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons ↑ NADH/NAD+ and FADH2/FAD ratios ↓ oxygen consumption ↓ ATP Ex. aspirin	19
10496538119	Barbiturates Piericidin A Amytal Rotenone	Complex I Inhibitors	20
10496538120	Malonate Carboxin TTFA	Complex II Inhibitors	21
10496538121	Antimycin A Dimercaprol	Complex III Inhibitors	22
10496538122	Cyanide CO Sodium Azide Hydrogen Sulfide	Complex IV Inhibitors	23
10496538123	ATPase Synthase Inhibitors	Inhibits Complex V Proton gradient continues to rise, but no escape valve ETC eventually stops Ex. Oligomycin	24
10496538124	Reactive Oxygen Species	Produced by neutrophils to kill bacteria May be increased in reperfusion injury	25
10496538125	Oligomycin	Directly inhibits ATP synthase (Complex V) Proton gradient increases but there is no "escape valve"	26
10496538126	Atractyloside	Inhibits the oxidative phosphorylation by inhibiting the transporter of ADP into and ATP out of the mitochondrion	27
10496538127	cAMP	Second messenger Protein kinase A Ex. glucagon, epinephrine (B, a2)	28
10496538128	IP3/DAG	Second messenger Protein kinase B Ex. epinephrine (a1)	29
10496538129	Tyrosine Kinase	Second messenger Protein kinase C Ex. ANP, NO	30
10496538130	Intracellular	Second messenger Direct entry into the cell and nucleus Ex. glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones	31
10496538131	GLUT 1	GLUT Brain, kidney, colon, placenta, RBC Glucose uptake	32
10496538132	GLUT2	GLUT Liver pancreas, small intestines, kidney (basement membranes) Rapid uptake or release of glucose	33
10496538133	GLUT3	GLUT Brain (more compared to GLUT1), kidney, pancreas Glucose uptake	34
10496538134	GLUT4	GLUT Heart and skeletal muscle, adipose tissue Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake	35
10496538135	GLUT5	GLUT Small intestine lumen - 5 letters Absorption of fructose	36
10496538136	SGLT-1	SGLT Small intestine and kidney Na dependent active uptake of glucose against a concentration gradient	37
10496538137	Glycolysis	Glucose metabolism that converts glucose to 3 carbon compounds to produce energy Location: occurs in the cytoplasm Substrate: glucose End products: 2 molecules of pyruvate or lactate Rate limiting enzyme: phosphofructokinase-1	38
10496538138	Phosphofructokinase-1	Rate limiting enzyme of Glycolysis Converts Fructose-6-Phosphate to Fructose-1,6- Bisphosphate Down regulated by ATP and citrate (energy not needed) Effector: Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate	39
10496538139	Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate	Activator of PFK-1	40
10496538140	Hexokinase	Catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate in the first step of glycolysis Feedback-inhibited by glucose-6-P Low Km and Vmax; high affinity	41
10496538141	Glucokinase	Catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate in the first step of glycolysis Feedback-inhibited by fructose-6-P High Km and Vmax; low affinity	42
10496538142	1.5 ATP	ATP yield of NADH via glycerophosphate shuttle	43
10496538143	Glycerophosphate Shuttle	Shuttle which ATP yield of 1.5 ATP	44
10496538144	2.5 ATP	ATP yield of NADH via malate aspartate shuttle	45
10496538145	Malate Aspartate Shuttle	Shuttle which ATP yield of 2.5 ATP	46
10496538146	Lactate Dehydrogenase	Enzyme Converts pyruvate to lactate	47
10496538147	Pyruvate Decarboxylase	Enzyme Fermentation Converts pyruvate to ethanol	48
10496538148	Arsenic	Competes with inorganic phosphate as a substrate for glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase Binds to lipoic acid	49
10496538149	Fluoroacetate	Inhibits aconitase leading to accumulation of citrate	50
10496538150	Isocitrate dehydrogenase a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase	Enzymes in the Citric Acid Cycle that are involved in reactions that produce NADH	51
10496538151	Succinate dehydrogenase	Enzyme in the Citric Acid Cycle that are involved in reactions that produce FADH2	52
10496538152	1. Thiamine - B1 2. FAD - B2 3. NAD+ - B3 4. Coenzyme A (Pantothenic acid) - B5 5. Lipoic acid	Coenzymes of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Shared with a-Ketoglutarate	53
10496538153	Citrate	TCA intermediate Delivers acetyl CoA to the cytosol for fatty acid synthesis	54
10496538154	Succinyl CoA	TCA intermediate Used for heme synthesis and activation of ketone bodies in extrahepatic tissues	55
10496538155	Malate	TCA intermediate May be used for gluconeogenesis	56
10496538156	a-Ketoglutarate	Inhibited by aresnite and increased ammonia (hyperammonemia related diseases)	57
10496538157	Pyruvate Carboxylase	Gluconeogenesis Step 1 enzyme Converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate Requires biotin and ATP Allosterically activated by acetyl CoA	58
10496538158	PEP Carboxykinase	Gluconeogenesis Step 2 enzyme Converts oxaloacetate to phosphoenol pyruvate Requires GTP	59
10496538159	Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase	Gluconeogenesis Step 9 enzyme Converts fructose-1,6-bisphospate to fructose-6-phosphate Rate limiting step in gluconeogenesis	60
10496538160	Glucose-6-phosphatase	Gluconeogenesis Step 11 enzyme Converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose Final step shared with glycogenolysis	61
10496538161	Cori Cycle	Cycle Lactate is formed by glycolysis in skeletal muscle and is transported to the liver where it is converted back to glucose through gluconeogenesis	62
10496538162	Glycogenin	Protein that serves as a primer for glycogen synthesis when glycogen is completely depleted	63
10496538163	Phosphoglucomutase UDP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase	Enzymes involved in the synthesis of UDP-glucose [2]	64
10496538164	Glycogen Synthase	Enzyme Forms a(1->4) bond between glucose residues Rate-limiting step Forms the linear portion	65
10496538165	Branching Enzyme Amylo a(1->4) -> a(1->6) Transglucosidase	Enzyme Forms new a(1->6) bonds by transferring 5 to 8 glucosyl residues Forms the branching portion	66
10496538166	Limit Dextrin	4 glucosyl units in the process of glycogenolysis which signifies the end of the shortening stage Elevated in debranching enzyme deficiency	67
10496538167	Glycogen Phosphorylase	Enzyme Sequential cleavage of a(1->4) bonds between the glucosyl residues at the non-reducing ends of the glycogen chain Cleaves until 4 residues are left behind Coenzyme: pyridoxine - Vit B6	68
10496538168	Phosphoglucomutase Glucose-6-phosphatase	Enzyme Involved in the conversion of glucose-1-P to glucose-6-P (muscle) or glucose (liver)	69
10496538169	Galactokinase	Enzyme Phosphorylates galactose to galactose-1-phosphate Deficiency leads to relatively mild symptoms, galactosemia, and cataract formation	70
10496538170	Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase	Enzyme Converts galactose-1-phosphate to UDP-galactose	71
10496538171	UDP-Hexose-4-Epimerase	Enzyme Converts UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose which enters the gluconeogenesis pathway	72
10496538172	Aldolase B	Enzyme Converts fructose-1-phosphate to DHAP and glyceraldehyde	73
10496538173	Aldolase Reductase	Enzyme Converts glucose to sorbitol	74
10496538174	Sorbitol Dehydrogenase	Enzyme Converts sorbitol to fructose	75
10496538175	Glucuronic Acid	Essential component of glycosaminoglycans Required in the detoxification reaction of insoluble compounds (bilirubin, steroids, morphine)	76
10496538176	L-gluconolactone Oxidase	Enzyme Used in the synthesis of ascorbic acid in plants and animals	77
10496538177	NADPH	Reductive biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids Glutathione reduction inside RBCs Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system Synthesis of NO Bactericidal mechanism of WBC	78
10496538178	Linoleic acid 18:2 (9,12) Linolenic acid 18:3 (9,12,15)	Essential Fatty Acids [2]	79
10496538179	Arachidonic Acid	Fatty acid Precursor of prostaglandins Derived from linoleic acid	80
10496538180	Fatty Acyl CoA Synthetase	Enzyme Activates fatty acid by converting it to Acyl-CoA in the cytosol Uses up 2 ATP	81
10496538181	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	Organelle where fatty acids undergo elongation and desaturation, introducing double bonds up to carbon 9	82
10496538182	1. DHAP from glycolysis 2. Phosphorylation of free glycerol	Sources of glycerol-3-phosphate	83
10496538183	Hormone-sensitive Lipase	Enzyme Catalyzes hydrolysis of of TAG to glycerol + 3 fatty acids Activated by glucagon and epinephrine Inhibited by insulin	84
10496538184	Propionyl CoA Carboxylase	Enzyme Converts propionyl CoA to methylmalonyl CoA Co-enzyme: Biotin	85
10496538185	Methylmalonyl CoA Mutase	Enzyme Converts methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA Co-enzyme: Methylcobalamin	86
10496538186	7a-Hydroxylase	Enzyme Converts cholesterol to 7a-hydroxy-cholesterol Produces primary bile acids, secondary bile acids, bile salts	87
10496538187	Desmolase	Enzyme Converts cholesterol to pregnenolone Produces glucorticoids, mineralocorticoids, testosterone, estradiol, 7-dehydrocholesterol*	88
10496538188	Thiophorase	Enzyme Breaks down acetoacetate to acetoacetyl CoA Found only in peripheral tissue and NOT IN LIVER Muscle prefers ketone bodies during fasting because no ATP is needed for its activation	89
10496538189	Cholic Acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid	Primary Bile Acids	90
10496538190	Deoxycholic Acid Lithocholic Acid	Secondary Bile Acids	91
10496538191	Bile Salts	Bile acids that are conjugated to taurine and glycine	92
10496538192	Apo A-1	Apolipoprotein HDL Cofactor of lecithin, cholesterol acyltransferase	93
10496538193	Apo B-100	Apolipoprotein Main apoprotein and mediates secretion of VLDL	94
10496538194	Apo B-48	Apolipoprotein Main apoprotein and mediates secretion of chylomicron	95
10496538195	Apo C-II	Apolipoprotein Cofactor of lipoprotein lipase - peripherally cuts TAGs	96
10496538196	Apo E	Apolipoprotein Mediates uptake of chylomicron remnants and IDLs	97
10496538197	Aminotransferase	Step 1: Transamination Enzyme Catalyzes transamination, transfer of a-amino group to a-ketoglutarate forming glutamate Coenzyme: Pyridoxine	98
10496538198	Glutamine Synthetase	Enzyme Catalyzes glutamate combination with 2 ammonia to form glutamine	99
10496538199	Combination of Amino Acid to Kreb Cycle Metabolite	Alanine-Pyruvate Aspartate-Oxaloacetate Glutamate-a-ketoglutarate	100
10496538200	Glutamate Dehydrogenase	Step 2: Oxidative Deamination Enzyme Catalyzes oxidative deamination of glutamate to release free ammonia Reaction occurs in the liver and kidney	101
10496538201	Glutaminase	Enzyme Catalyzes glutamine transport and deamination to release ammonia in the liver (high protein diet) and kidney (metabolic acidosis)	102
10496538202	ALA Synthase	Enzyme Rate-limiting step Catalyzes glycine + succinyl CoA -> d-aminolevulinic acid Co-factor: Pyridoxine	103
10496538203	ALA Dehydratase	Enzyme Condenses 2 molecules of ALA Contains zinc Inhibited by heavy metal ions that replace zinc	104
10496538204	Ferrochelatase	Enzyme Enhances the introduction of Fe2+ into protoporphyrin IX Inhibited by lead	105
10496538205	Heme Oxygenase	Enzyme Converts heme to biliverdin in the reticuloendothelial cells	106
10496538206	Ligandin	Protein Intracellular proteins that the bilirubin binds to in the liver	107
10496538207	Bilirubin Gluconyltransferase	Enzyme Conjugates bilirubin to 2 molecules of glucoronic acid Deficient in Crigler-Najjar I and II, and Gilbert syndrome - indirect hyperbilirubinemia	108
10496538208	20%	In the brain, ketone bodies can meet up to ____ of the energy requirement	109
10496538209	PRPP Glutamyl Amidotransferase	Enzyme This is the committed and key regulated step of purine synthesis. It is inhibited by its end product Activated by PRPP Adds first N to PRPP from glutamine. Also uses water and releases glutamate and PP	110
10496538210	PRPP Synthetase	Enzyme Converts Ribose 5-Phosphate to PRPP ATP -> AMP energy requirement	111
10496538211	Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase II	Enzyme Rate limiting enzyme of de novo pyrimidine synthesis	112
10496538212	Ribonucleotide Reductase	Enzyme Multi-subunit enzyme that reduces nucleoside diphosphates to their deoxy forms Redox reactions require thioredoxin and NADPH	113
10496538213	Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase	Enzyme Salvages adenine by adding it to PRPP to make AMP	114
10496538214	Thymidylate Synthase	Enzyme Converts dUMP to thymine Cofactor: N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate Inhibited by 5-fluorouracil	115
10496538215	Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase	Enzyme Purine salvage/degraded to uric acid Hypoxanithine -> IMP Guanine -> GMP	116
10496538216	mRNA	RNA Largest Copies genetic information from DNA Template for protein synthesis MG cap at the 5'-end Poly-A tail at the 3'-end	117
10496538217	Dihydropteroate Synthetase	Enzyme Not present in eukaryotes Inhibited by sulfonamides	118
10496538218	Dihydrofolate Reductase	Enzyme Inhibited by trimethoprim	119
10496538219	B DNA	Most common form of DNA Right-handed helix with 10 residues per turn	120
10496538220	rRNA	RNA Most abundant Act as sites for protein synthesis Modified by ribonucleases and endonucleases	121
10496538221	tRNA	RNA Smallest Adapter molecules that translate the nucleotide sequence of mRNA into specific amino acid Cloverleaf appearance	122
10496538222	Origin Recognition Complex	Group of proteins that recognize the origin of replication site	123
10496538223	Helicase	DNA replication enzyme Unwinds the double helix	124
10496538224	Topoisomerase	DNA replication enzyme Relaxes the super coils Type I (Swivelase) Type II (Gyrase) - inhibited by fluoroquinolone	125
10496538225	Primase	DNA replication enzyme Synthesizes short segments of complementary RNA primers	126
10496538226	DNA Polymerase III	DNA replication enzyme Elongates the DNA strand by adding new deoxyribonucleotides Initiates after primase initiates action	127
10496538227	DNA Polymerase I	DNA replication enzyme Ribonucleotide removal 5'->3' exonuclease	128
10496538228	DNA Ligase	DNA replication enzyme Seals the nick by catalyzing the formation of the last phosphodiester bond, requiring hydrolysis of ATP	129
10496538229	Mismatched Strand	Errors that escape proof reading Mismatch repair Ex. HNPCC	130
10496538230	Pyrimidine Dimers	Exposure to UV light Nucleotide excision repair Ex. Xeroderma pigmentosum	131
10496538231	Base Alteration	Spontaneous or deaminating compounds Base excision repair Ex. MUTYH-associated polyposis	132
10496538232	Double Strand Breaks	Ionizing radiation Free radicals Non-homologous end joining or homologous recombination Ex. SCID, breast cancer	133
10496538233	Pol I	RNA polymerase Synthesizes: rRNA	134
10496538234	Pol II	RNA polymerase Synthesizes: mRNA, IncRNA, miRNA, SnRNA	135
10496538235	Pol III	RNA polymerase Synthesizes: tRNA, 5S rRNA	136
10496538236	TATA CAAT	DNA promoter sequences in Eukaryotes	137
10496538237	p-independent Termination	Transcription termination Requires formation of a hairpin loop	138
10496538238	p-dependent Termination	Transcription termination Requires p protein to release RNA from DNA	139