Biochemistry Flashcards
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| 12982027587 | How do you increase Vmax? | The only way is to increase [E] | 0 | |
| 12982038109 | Compare and contrast an MM Enzyme Kinetics plot & the Lineweaver-Burke Plots | Intercepts? | 1 | |
| 12982055817 | what is Km and how can it be used to measure an enzyme's affinity for it's substrate? | the concentration of [S] where half the enzyme is filled & a low Km= high affinity and a high Km= low affinity | 2 | |
| 12982105249 | How does competitive inhibition affect Km & Vmax? What does the Lineweaver-Burke Plot look like? | Increases Km, Vmax stays the same b/c if we flood a bunch of substrate, can overcome competitors; Lineweaver Burke plot becomes steeper and x-intercept moves toward center | 3 | |
| 12982129411 | How does a noncompetitor affect Km & vmax? Lineweaver-Burke Plot shift? | Km is the same because the enzymes that still work retain their same affinity; Vmax is decreased; Lineweaver burke plot becomes steeper. this is when inhibitor binds to the allosteric site | 4 | |
| 12982183361 | What is uncompetitive inhibition? Km & Vmax? | inhibitor can only bind to the ES complex; Both Km & Vmax decrease | 5 | |
| 12982195882 | What is the rate determining step? | the slowest step in a reaction | 6 | |
| 12982203846 | What Changes During a Phase Change | potential energy & density | 7 | |
| 12982213650 | what level of protein structure is the active site located in? | Tertiary structure | 8 | |
| 12982224959 | What are the rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis? | Hexokinase (skeletal tissues)/glucokinase (liver/pancreas); PFK-1 (activated by F 2,6, BP through PFK-2); Pyruvate kinase (activated by PFK-1) | 9 | |
| 12982247139 | What are the enzymes in gluconeogensis? | Pyruvate carboxylase, PEPCK, F 1, 6 bisphosphatase, Glucose 6 phosphatase | 10 | |
| 12982259479 | What are the rate-limiting enzymes in the citric acid cycle? | Isocitrate DH (creates CO2 & NADH); Alpha KG DH (also creates CO2 & NADH) | 11 | |
| 12983234277 | Formula for # of stereoisomers | 2^n (where n is the # of chiral carbons) | 12 | |
| 12983254175 | (Esp with sugars) enantiomers vs diasteromers? | enantiomer= 2 molecules are nonsuperimposable mirror images; diastereomers= molecules are not identical & not mirror images but same connectivity | 13 | |
| 12983268551 | What are epimers? | diastereomers that differ at exactly one chiral carbon | 14 | |
| 12983337943 | What are anomers? | Differ at the anomeric carbon (vs epimers); alpha anomer= the OH on the anomeric carbon is trans to the CH2OH end; Beta anomer= OH is cis to the CH2OH end | 15 | |
| 12983365627 | What is mutarotation? | equilibrium between the α and β anomers. | 16 | |
| 12983402625 | What is a reducing sugar? | a reducing sugar is any monosaccharide with a hemiacetal ring | 17 | |
| 12983409259 | Tollen's reagent | -detects presence of reducing sugar -uses Ag(NH3)2+ as oxidizing agent *in a + test, aldehydes reduce Ag+ to metallic silver | 18 | |
| 12983426291 | Benedict's reagent | -detects presence of reducing sugar -aldehyde group of an aldose is readily oxidized indicated by a red precipitate of Cu2O | 19 | |
| 12983459409 | What is a glycosidic bond? | when two monosaccharide rings are bonded using a C-O-C bond; it's a dehydration reaction | 20 | |
| 12983678353 | Which end do you add nucleotide bases to? | 5'-3' end (add to the 3' end) | 21 | |
| 12984538961 | Glucocorticoids (cortisol) | create muscle breakdown | 22 | |
| 13082607060 | What is the Hill coefficient? | 23 | ||
| 13083812505 | What is Kcat? | - The number of molecules of substrate the enzyme turns into product per unit of time | 24 | |
| 13083816191 | - Km vs Kd | - Km can be found at Vmax/2; lower the Km, the higher the affinity - Kd measures the dissociation from the ES complex, so the larger the Kd is, the less affinity the enzyme has to that specific substrate | 25 | |
| 13083819867 | - How does a noncompetitive inhibitor work? | - It can bind to either the free enzyme or the ES complex, also considered a mixed inhibitor - No change in Km & decrease in Vmax | 26 | |
| 13083822230 | - How does an uncompetitive inhibitor work? | - It can bind to the ES complex - So decreases Vmax, because no matter how much substrate you add, you can't overcome the effects of the inhibitor | 27 | |
| 13126618225 | How does an anion-exchange column work? | It pulls anion's down | 28 | |
| 13140929687 | Describe GPCR signaling | GPCR's are found in eukaryotic cells & are 7 seven helices transmembrane proteins. When the receptor is inactive, it is bound to a GDP. When a ligand binds to the receptor, it binds to GTP and the receptor has a conformational change. Underneath are 3 subunits. GTP causes the alpha subunit to go off & bind to another protein, which then activates cAMP, which then starts a signal pathway | 29 | |
| 13141231013 | Describe the stages of Non-REM | Non-REM: 1) Theta waves (falling asleep) 2) Theta waves (K-complexes and sleep spindles) 3) Delta waves (deep sleep) | 30 | |
| 13141388059 | What brain waves are associated with different levels of consciousness? | Beta waves= alertness; alpha waves= light mediation/daydreaming; theta waves= drowsiness & some sleep | 31 | |
| 13145427445 | What is the stability of DNA & RNA dependent on? | The number of G-C pairings | 32 | |
| 13146788794 | What kinds of bonds hold together DNA strands? | H-bonds | 33 | |
| 13160344130 | Agonist vs. Antagonist | Agonist: medication binds to the same site as an endogenous substance (e.g., neurotransmitter) to produce similar response Antagonist: Medication binds to a receptor and thus, prevents the binding and action of an agonist | 34 | |
| 13177713808 | phosphatase vs phosphorylase | phosphatases hydrolyze phosphate bonds & release inorganic phosphates; phosphorylases; transfers inorganic phosphates to molecules like AMP | 35 | |
| 13188489926 | endonuclease | An enzyme that cleaves its nucleic acid substrate at internal sites in the nucleotide sequence. | 36 | |
| 13188489927 | exonuclease | an enzyme that removes successive nucleotides from the end of a polynucleotide molecule | 37 | |
| 13188492253 | Ribonuclease | Nucleic acid digesting enzyme that breaks down ribonucleic acid to produce nucleotides | 38 | |
| 13497061693 | what phosphorylates glucose in the liver? in other organs | glucokinase in the liver (hexokinase other places) | 39 | |
| 13497720109 | How many ATP per glucose? | about 38 ATP | 40 | |
| 13497834777 | Which e- carriers accept 2 e- while the rest accept 1? | flavin rings & ubiquitin | 41 |