AP Biology Chapter 46 Flashcards

11694098736	sexual reproduction	the creation of an offspring by fusions of sperm and egg to form a zygote	0
11694098737	sperm	male gamete	1
11694098738	egg	female gamete	2
11694098739	asexual reproduction	creation of offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm	3
11694098740	fission	separation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size	4
11694098741	fragmentation	breaking of the body into pieces, some or all of which develop into adults	5
11694098742	regeneration	regrowth of lost body parts	6
11694098743	parthenogenesis	the development of a new individual from a unfertilized egg	7
11694098744	ovulation	the release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycle	8
11694098745	hermaphroditism	each individual has male and female reproductive systems	9
11694098746	fertilization	the union of egg and sperm	10
11694098747	gonads	organs that produce gametes	11
11694098748	spermatheca	where sperm is stored during copulation	12
11694098749	accessory glands	secrete products needed for sperm movement	13
11694098750	ducts	carry sperm and glandular secretions	14
11694098751	testes	highly coiled tubes surrounded by connective tissue	15
11694098752	seminiferous tubules	where sperm form	16
11694098753	testes location	outside the abdominal cavity in the scrotum, where the temperature is lower than in the abdominal cavity	17
11694098754	epididymis	coiled duct that sperm pass through after the seminiferous tubules	18
11694098755	ejaculation	sperm are propelled through the muscular vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct, and then exit the penis through the urethra	19
11694098756	semen	sperm plus secretions from three sets of accessory glands	20
11694098757	two seminal vessicles	contribute 60% of the total volume of semen	21
11694098758	prostate gland	secretes its products directly into the urethra	22
11694098759	penis	male sex organ composed of three cylinders of spongy erectile tissue	23
11694098760	female external reproductive structures	the clitoris, vulva and two sets of labia	24
11694098761	female internal reproductive structures	a pair of gonads and a system of ducts and chambers that carry gametes and house the embryo and fetus	25
11694098762	ovaries	the female gonads	26
11694098763	follicles	each ovary contains these	27
11694098764	oocyte	partially developed egg surrounded by support cells	28
11694098765	oviduct or fallopian tube	location where the egg travels from the ovary to the uterus	29
11694098766	uterus	Location where the cilia in the oviduct convey the egg. Also called the womb	30
11694098767	endometrium	uterus lining, many blood vessels	31
11694098768	vagina	a muscular but elastic chamber that is the repository for sperm during copulation and serves as the birth canal	32
11694098769	vulva	location where the vagina opens to the outside	33
11694098770	labia majora, labia minora, hymen, and clitoris	vulva structures	34
11694098771	mammary glands	Not part of the reproductive system but are important to mammalian reproduction	35
11694098772	gametogenesis	production of gametes	36
11694098773	spermatogenesis	formation of sperm, is continuous and prolific	37
11694098774	human gametogenesis	spermatogenesis	38
11694098775	anatomy of sperm	head, acrosome, tail, etc	39
11694098776	oogenesis defintion	development of mature egg, is a prolonged process	40
11694098810	oogenesis diagram		41
11694098777	Spermatogenesis differs from oogenesis in three ways.	1) All four products of meiosis develop into a sperm while only one of the four becomes an egg 2) Sprematogenesis occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood 3) Sperm are produced continuously without the prolonged interruptions in oogenesis	42
11694098778	testosterone	the main androgen	43
11694098779	progesterone and estradiol	The main estrogens	44
11694098780	Sertoli cells	nourish developing sperm	45
11694098781	leydig cells regulated by	LH	46
11694098811	hormonal control of the testes		47
11694098782	menstruation	process that occurs if an embryo does not implant in the endometrium, the endometrium is shed	48
11694098783	hormones closely link the two cycles of female reporduction	changes in the uterus and changes in the ovaries. uterine cycle and ovarian cycle	49
11694098784	ovulation	stage where the follicular phase ends, and the secondary oocyte is released	50
11694098812	reproductive cycles of the human female		51
11694098813	uterine cycle		52
11694098785	ectopoic	abnormal location that cells of the uterine lining can sometimes migrate to	53
11694098786	endometriosis	Swelling of cells in response to hormone stimulation results in a disorder called	54
11694098787	menopause	the cessation of ovulation and menstruation	55
11694098788	estrous cycles	cycles that are characteristic of most mammals	56
11694098789	estrous cycles characteristics	endometrium reabsorbed by the uterus, sexual receptivity is limited to a heat period caleld estrus, the length and freuency of estrous cycles vary from species to species	57
11694098790	conception	fertilization of an egg by a sperm, occurs in the oviduct	58
11694098791	blastocyst	a ball of cells with central cavity	59
11694098814	formation of a human zygote		60
11694098792	pregnancy or gestation	the condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus	61
11694098793	trophoblast	the outer layer of the blastocyst	62
11694098794	placenta	What forms after the endometrium and trophoblast mingle	63
11694098815	placental circulation		64
11694098795	organogenesis	development of the body organs	65
11694098796	fetus	what the embryo is called after 8 weeks	66
11694098797	labor	a series of strong rhythmic uterine contractions that push the fetus and placenta out of the body	67
11694098798	three stages of labor	dilation, explusion, and delivery of the placenta	68
11694098799	dilation	thinning and opening of the cervix	69
11694098800	expulsion	delivery of the baby	70
11694098801	lactation	production of mother's milk	71
11694098816	three stages of labor picture		72
11694098802	contraception	deliberate prevention of pregnancy	73
11694098803	3 categories of contraception	preventing release of egg and sperm, keeping sperm and egg apart, and preventing implantation of an embryo	74
11694098817	mechanisms of contraception		75
11694098804	birth control pills	hormonal contraceptives with a pregnancy rate of less than 1%	76
11694098805	tubal ligation	ties off the oviducts	77
11694098806	vasectomy	ties off the vas deferens	78
11694098807	abortion	termination of a pregnancy	79
11694098808	spontaneous abortion	miscarriage	80
11694098809	in vitro fertilization (IVF)	mixes eggs with sperm in culture dishes and return the embryo to the uterus at the eight-cell stage	81
11694098818			82