AP EXAM Flashcards

13921577224	environmental determinism	Human behaviors are a direct result of the surrounding environment.	0
13921577225	Possibilist	humans are not a product of their environment but possess the skills necessary to modify their environment to fit human needs	1
13921577226	GIS (geographic information system)	Layers geographic information into a new map, showing specific data (can be used for data of watersheds, population, density, highways, and agricultural data)	2
13921577227	Remote sensing	Studying an object or location without making direct contact with it	3
13921577228	equal area projection	Maps that try to distribute distortion equally throughout the map, these maps distort shape	4
13921577229	Conformal maps	maps that distort area but keep shapes intact	5
13921577230	Cylindrical maps	Maps that show true direction but lose distance (e.g., a Mercator map).	6
13921577231	Planar maps	Maps that show true direction and examine the Earth from one point, usually from a pole or a polar direction (e.g., any azimuthal map).	7
13921577232	Conic maps	Maps that put a cone over the earth and keep distance intact but lose directional qualities	8
13921577233	Oval maps	Maps that combine the cylindrical and conic projections (e.g., Molleweide Projection)	9
13921577234	Thematic maps	Maps that determine geographic phenomenon (area class maps, area symbol maps, cartograms, choropleth maps, digital images, dot maps, flow line maps, isoline maps, point symbol maps, proportional symbol maps)	10
13921577235	Isoline maps	Outlines and connects points of identical value (weather map)	11
13921577236	Flow line maps	Maps that are good for determining movement, such as migration trends.	12
13921577237	Choropleth maps	Maps that put data into spatial format. Useful for determining demographic data, by assigning colors or patterns to areas	13
13921593566	toponym	place name	14
13921595812	geography	the study of the earth's physical and cultural features	15
13921609369	GPS (global positioning system)	uses longitude and latitude to determine exact location (found in cars and cellphones)	16
13921622235	satellite imagery	Images of the earth taken from orbiting satellites. important for GIS and remote sensing	17
13921630273	scale	the relationship of the size of the map to the amount of area it represents on the planet	18
13921639093	human geography	The study of human characteristics on the landscape, including population, agriculture, urbanization, and culture.	19
13921719218	cartograms	Maps that assign space by the size of some datum. (ex- population)	20
13921733483	dot map	A map that uses dots to show the precise locations of specific observations or occurrences (ex- density)	21
13921741784	built landscape	produced by the physical material culture, sum of tangible human creations on the landscape	22
13921752298	sequent occupance	the idea that each civilization leaves an influence on the cultural landscape of a place, affecting the civilizations that come after them	23
13921768160	Physical Geography	the study of physical features of the earth's surface	24
13921780659	region	a concept used to link different places together based on any parameter the geographer chooses	25
13921787151	formal regions	regions where anything and everything inside has the same characteristic or phenomena (ex- democratic party)	26
13921792775	functional regions	regions that can be defined around a certain point or node, experience distance decay (ex- wifi spots, pizza delivery)	27
13921811811	Distance Decay	the lessening of a phenomenon as the distance from the hearth increases	28
13921815128	friction of distance	people will feel resistance to going some place far away because of energy and money	29
13921832276	perceptual/vernacular region	a region that exists primarily in the individual's idea of a place or feelings on the place (ex- midwest, south)	30
13921841488	relative location	the location of a place in relation to another place	31
13921847479	absolute location	location based on longitude and latitude	32
13921851566	site	the internal characteristics of a place based on its physical features	33
13921853817	situation	the relationship that a particular location has with the locations around it	34
13921863007	mental map	A map which represents the perceptions and knowledge a person has of an area	35
13921866322	latitudes	parallel lines that run east/west on the surface of the earth (highest degree is 90)	36
13921876426	equator	0 degrees latitude (divides northern and southern hemispheres)	37
13921883046	Longitude	parallel lines that run north/south on earth's surface	38
13921888343	prime meridian	0 degrees longitude (divides eastern and western hemispheres)	39
13921898678	time zone	a geographic region within which the same standard time is used (15 degrees longitude apart, 24 zones)	40
13921916262	international date line	an imaginary boundary between one day and the next (180 degrees longitude)	41
13921934706	Human Environment Interaction	how people modify or alter the environment to fit their needs	42
13921941769	five toos	too hot, too cold, too wet, too dry, too hilly	43
13921943763	spatial interaction	how well an area is connected to the world determines its importance	44
13921953816	time-space compression	increasing interconnectedness that human civilization enjoys despite physical distance being fixed (ex- social media, facetime)	45
13921967387	hearth	the place where something begins	46
13921976573	relocation diffusion	spreading when people move (ex- language)	47
13921979833	expansion diffusion	spreading of an idea through a central node through hierarchical, contagious, or stimulus diffusion	48
13921994813	Hierarchical Diffusion	spreading through the elite leaders (ex- celebrities, political leaders)	49
13922009010	Contagious Diffusion	The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population (ex- viral videos, diseases)	50
13922021084	stimulus diffusion	the spread of a particular concept that is then used in another product, but is adapted (ex- pasta)	51
13922037331	density	how often an object occurs within a given area	52
13922053842	Physiological Density	The number of people per unit of area of arable land	53
13922060311	Arithmetic Density	The total number of people divided by the total land area.	54
13922062882	Concentration	density of a particular phenomenon over an area (clustered or dispersed)	55
13922072523	Clustered/Agglomerated	objects are close together	56
13922077787	Dispersed/Scattered	objects are spread out	57
13922082153	linear	a pattern where items are laid out in a singular line	58
13922090361	centralized	a pattern where items are clustered together	59
13922093236	random distribution	lack of pattern on a landscape	60
13922097866	ecological fallacy	assumption that the relationships at one scale also exist at other scales (ex- group level also exists at individual level)	61
13922134619	rank-size rule	cities relative population sizes relate to their rank within a country	62
13922150971	Demography	study of population characteristics	63
13922154742	birth rate	number of births per 1,000 people in the population	64
13922157935	death rate	number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population	65
13922162725	population explosion	crisis where population growth occurs in countries that are ill-prepared to handle the growing number of people	66
13922177214	ecumene	habitable land	67
13922182285	underpopulation	a sharp drop or decrease in a region's population	68
13922188856	Overpopulation	too many people in one place for the resources available	69
13922191622	carrying capacity	Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support	70
13922196682	environmental degradation	harming of the environment (when humans place a strain on the environmental resources)	71
13922214625	Thomas Malthus	concluded that population was growing at a faster rate than productivity in the 1700s (population will outrun food)	72
13922267599	linear growth	growth that occurs evenly across each unit of time	73
13922270005	exponential growth	growth as a percentage of the total population	74
13922275680	Neo-Malthusians	people who believed thomas malthus and are critical of the demographic transition model	75
13922287603	Demographic Transition Model	indicator of what will happen to a society's population based on birth rate, death rate, and total population	76
13922306116	demographic transition model stage 1	High death rates, high birth rates, low growth, hunting and gathering societies, no one is in this stage today	77
13922331148	demographic transition model stage 2	high birth rate, low death rate, sharp increase in growth, agricultural societies, sub-saharan africa	78
13922358486	demographic transition model stage 3	low death rates, decreasing birth rates, moderate growth, industrial societies, central and south america	79
13922392484	demographic transition model stage 4	birth rates and death rates almost equal, stable growth, tertiary societies, europe and usa	80
13922419174	demographic transition model stage 5	Very low birth rates, low death rates, population decrease, japan	81
13922442360	s curve	starts in stage 2 of DTM when total population begins to increase, stabilizes in stage 4, creates s shaped curve	82
13922455163	zero population growth	a phenomenon in stage 4 of DTM when birth rate equals death rate	83
13922463528	sex ratio	The number of males per 100 females in the population.	84
13922466121	Age Distribution	individual brackets that demonstrate age groupings in population pyramids	85
13922477982	population projection	estimate of future population size, age, and sex composition	86
13922480591	dependency ratio	ratio that states people aged 0-14 and over 65 depend on the workforce for support	87
13922496499	demographic momentum	a continued population increase as a result of a large segment of the population being young (stage 2 of DTM)	88
13922507380	negative growth	when the natural increase rate falls below 2, the country begins to lose population (stage 5 of DTM)	89
13922517055	demographic equation	Determines the population growth rate for the world by subtracting global deaths from global births.	90
13922527073	infant mortality rate	number of babies that die before 1 year	91
13922531269	doubling time	The number of years needed to double a population	92
13922542609	Sustainability	saving of resources for future generations so they can live at the same or higher standard of life as us	93
13922554247	j curve	a growth curve that depicts exponential growth	94
13922561079	net migration	the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants	95
13922565109	place utility	when communities offer incentives for people to move to their areas	96
13922575099	internal migration	movement within a country	97
13922577023	Ravenstein's Laws of Migration	ten statements related to migration made in 1885	98
13922585476	human capital model	people seek to improve their incomes over the course of their lives; people weigh costs against the benefits if migrating. (developed by larry sjaastad in 1962)	99
13922607140	life course theory	people make major decisions early on in life that may dictate migration prefernces in the future. (deveolped in 1960s)	100
13922630849	Intercontinental Migration	movement across international borders	101
13922637290	Acculturation	The adoption of cultural traits by one group under the influence of another (ex- language, adopts new country's ways)	102
13922930508	Chain Migration	migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there	103
13922934848	Interregional Migration	migration within a country (region to region)	104
13922940328	International Migration	movement from one country to another.	105
13922943436	Intraregional Migration	movement within one region	106
13922947174	cyclic migration	seasonal migration, often associated with agricultural seasons	107
13922957427	transhumance	The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.	108
13922959898	intervening obstacle	An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.	109
13922964045	intervening opportunity	causes a migrant to stop and stay at a location along their journey because they like it more (economic or environmental)	110
13922979003	transmigration	removal of people from one place and their relocation somewhere else within a country	111
13922990400	material culture	anything that can physically seen on the landscape	112
13922997371	built environment	tangible impact of human beings on the landscape	113
13923001030	nonmaterial culture	anything on the landscape that comprises culture that cannot be physically touched (ex- language and religion)	114
13923013363	folk culture	the practice of a particular custom of a relatively small group of people that increases the group's uniqueness	115
13923016861	folklore	the traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community, passed through the generations by word of mouth.	116
13923023264	popular culture	cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population	117
13923027324	cultural landscape	Cultural attributes of an area often used to describe a place (ex- buildings, theaters, places of worship)	118
13923040849	natural landscape	The physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities.	119
13923047094	adaptive strategy	the way humans adapt to physical and cultural landscape they are living in	120
13923053508	hooligans	sports fans that incite violence at soccer games	121
13923062149	indigenous architecture	architecture that is not built by a professional craftsperson or artist	122
13923076756	Anglo-American landscape	styles of housing or infrastructure based on british and early american influences	123
13923093638	traditional architecture	the style of building that was characteristic when that area was established	124
13923107740	lingua franca	a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.	125
13923113584	dialect	a form of language spoken by people in a particular region or group (different in speed, sound, syntax, and vocab)	126
13923122007	syntax	the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences	127
13923125145	isogloss	boundary that separates dialects	128
13923133980	pidgin language	a simplified language that forms from the fusion of two languages	129
13923143277	trade language	language that is used between people who don't share a native language to conduct business	130
13923159275	Creole language	A stable language resulting from the blend of two or more languages	131
13923174099	official language	Language in which all government business occurs in a country.	132
13923176991	linguistic diversity	learning of more languages (on an individual, societal, or global scale)	133
13923195345	language families	large groups of languages having similar roots (ex- indo-european)	134
13923213348	language subfamilies	smaller groups of languages within a language family (ex- west germanic)	135
13923224311	language groups	languages descended from a common ancestral language (ex- romance languages)	136
13923249462	faith	belief in something based on spirituality rather than physical proof	137
13923255797	Fundamentalism	strict adherence to a set of beliefs, literal interpretation	138
13923269871	ethnic religion	a religion that is particular to an ethnic group and is passed down at birth	139
13923282579	universalizing religion	religion that attempts to appeal to all people in the world	140
13923292299	secularist	someone who believes religion and society should be separate	141
13923295643	jainism	religion based on non materialism and transcending the cycles of life and death, don't believe in a god	142
13923310302	Christianity	worlds largest religion, focused on the life of jesus (roman catholic, protestant, orthodox)	143
13923321252	denominations	Branches of a religion that differ on specific practices or principles of the religion	144
13923326648	mormonism	universalizing religion centered in Utah; Book of Mormon and Old and New Testaments	145
13923333458	islam	second largest religion, monotheistic, shares common heritage with jewish and christian religions	146
13923342493	hajj	muslim pilgrimage to Mecca	147
13923350081	mecca	holiest city in the islamic religion	148
13923354486	shiites	smaller branch of islam, 10-15% (in azerbaijan, bahrain, iran, iraq)	149
13923366865	sunnis	bigger branch of islam, 85 to 90% (in middle east, nothern africa, southeast asia)	150
13923389421	theocracy	A government controlled by religious leaders (iran and saudi arabia)	151
13923395187	shariah law	islamic law that does not recognize separation between church and state	152
13923403046	judaism	one of the oldest religions, ethnic and monotheistic	153
13923413612	Zoroastrianism	one of oldest religions, belief that zarathustra is the father of religion (india and iran)	154
13923429591	Hindusim	polytheistic, oldest religion, mainly in india	155
13923436772	vedas	holy books of hinduism	156
13923444759	syncretic religion	blends two or more religious belief systems into a new system	157
13923454492	sikhism	monotheistic, rejects caste system, believes all people are created equal, punjab region of india	158
13923466082	Baha'i	universalizing, similar to sikhism, africa and asia	159
13923478114	animism	the belief that all things possess a soul	160
13923483735	Confucianism	focuses on relationships within the world and is associated with feng shui, china	161
13923497881	taoism	philosophy based on the release of personal desires, emphasizes mysticism, china	162
13923508458	shintoism	japan, poly and monotheistic, believe that nature is divine and emphasize ancestors	163
13923523123	interfaith boundaries	boundaries between the major religions	164
13923526171	enclave	an area within or surrounded by a larger area whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct	165
13923544488	exclave	a group of people who are physically separated from their religious hearth	166
13923549794	Assimilation	dying out of the old culture as it becomes replaced with the culture where a person currently resides (3 generations)	167
13936283477	Political Geography	Studies geographical influences on political systems and power relationships	168
13936283478	Geopolitics	The study of the interplay between political relations and the territories in which they occur	169
13936283479	Core country	A country that is well developed with a strong economic base (ex - USA)	170
13936283480	Periphery country	A less developed, economically poor country (ex - Ghana)	171
13936283481	State	An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.	172
13936283482	Sovereignity	Political authority for a state to govern itself	173
13936283483	Microstate/Ministate	A country that is small in population and area (ex - Monaco)	174
13936283484	City state	Small sovereign state that is made up of a town or city and the surrounding area	175
13936283485	Nation	a group of people united by bonds of race, language, custom, tradition, and sometimes religion (ex - the French, Koreans, Mexicans)	176
13936283486	Stateless nation	A nation of people without a state that it considers home (ex - Kurds, basques, Palestinians)	177
13936283487	Nation state	A state in which the cultural borders of a nation correspond with the state borders of a country (ex - Japan, Iceland, Denmark)	178
13936283488	Political boundary	a boundary that divides the territory of one country from that of another	179
13936283489	Frontier	A zone of territory where no state has governing authority	180
13936283490	Geometric boundary	A boundary created using geometric patterns (lines, arcs)	181
13936283491	physical boundary	Boundary based on the geographical features of earths surface (mountains, water)	182
13936283492	ethnographic/cultural boundary	Boundary based on ethnographic and cultural considerations (like language and religion)	183
13936283493	Boundary evolution	the technical wording of a treaty that legally defines where a boundary should be located	184
13936283494	Delimination	The process in which cartographers put the boundaries on the map.	185
13936283495	Demarcation	the process of physically representing a boundary on the landscape	186
13936283496	Border landscape	Zonal area on both sides of the boundary	187
13936283497	antecedent boundary	a boundary line established before the area in question is well populated	188
13936283498	Subsequent boundary	boundary that develops along with the development of the cultural landscape	189
13936283499	superimposed boundary	a political boundary that ignores the existing cultural organization on the landscape	190
13936283500	Irredentism	A political movement by an ethnic group or other closely aligned group that aims to reoccupy an area that the group lost	191
13936283501	relic boundary	Boundary that is no longer used but still can be seen on the landscape (ex - Great Wall of China)	192
13936283502	Reunification	The rejoining of 2 formerly divided nations (ex - east and west Germany)	193
13936283503	Ethnic conflict	disagreements that usually result in military action of violence of one ethnic group against another (ex - balkans with Bosnian Muslims, Serbs, Croats)	194
13936283504	Religious conflict	Conflicts that involve violence between members of different religious groups (ex - Muslims and Hindus in South Asia)	195
13936283505	Balkanization	Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities (ex - Yugoslavia)	196
13936283506	Annexation	Legally adding land area to an already existing state (ex - USA purchasing Alaska from Russia)	197
13936283507	Definitional boundary dispute	a dispute that arises from legal language of the treaty's definition of the boundary	198
13936283508	Locational Boundary Dispute	Disputes that arise when the definition of the border is not questioned but the intention of the border is (ex - a river shifts its course, changing the landscape).	199
13936283509	Operational Boundary Dispute	Dispute when two neighboring countries disagree on major issues involving the border	200
13936283510	Allocational Boundary Dispute	Dispute over the actual use of a boundary (ex - use of a resource that cross the boundary)	201