The Ultimate AP Vocabulary Quizlet Flashcards

13831146392	Evolution	Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.	0
13831147647	Charles Darwin	English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)	1
13831159448	Artificial selection	Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.	2
13831202527	homologous structures	Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.	3
13831205459	analogous structures	structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function	4
13831206956	vestigial structures	remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.	5
13831209848	emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	6
13831213942	Atoms	Building blocks of matter	7
13831213943	Molecules	Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds	8
13831215399	Organelles are	like tiny organs within cells.	9
13831215400	Cells	Basic unit of life	10
13831217415	Organs	Tissues are organized into:, group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.	11
13831218728	organ system	group of organs that work together to perform a specific function	12
13831251265	hydrogen bond	Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.	13
13831253081	Adhesion	An attraction between molecules of different substances	14
13831254725	surface tension	A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	15
13831256399	Cohesion	Attraction between molecules of the same substance	16
13831258187	specific heat	The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius	17
13831259805	Solvent	A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances	18
13831259806	Solute	A substance that is dissolved in a solution.	19
13831259807	Solution	A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances	20
13831261160	Hydrophobic	Water fearing	21
13831262775	Hydrophilic	Attracted to water	22
13831263928	mole	the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance	23
13831266176	Hydroxyl		24
13831269992	carbonly group	C=O	25
13831277338	carboxyl group	COOH	26
13831277339	Methyl		27
13831279702	Isomers	Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula	28
13831284818	Polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.	29
13831284819	Monomer	A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers	30
13831286857	hydrolysis reaction	A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water	31
13831286858	dehydration synthesis	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	32
13831291326	Monosaccharides	glucose, fructose, galactose	33
13831291327	Disaccharide	A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.	34
13831294973	Polysaccharides	Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides	35
13831298205	Glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	36
13831298206	Cellulose	A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms	37
13831300184	Chitin	A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.	38
13831302119	DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)	A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.	39
13831305026	RNA	single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose	40
13831306926	Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)	type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes	41
13831309560	transferRNA (tRNA)	brings amino acids to ribosomes	42
13831309561	Messanger RNA (mRNA)	A single strand of RNA that carries instructions from a gene to make a protein	43
13831312896	adensoine triposphate (ATP)	compound used by cells to store and release energy	44
13831315288	nicotinadenine dinucleotide	What does NAD+ stand for?	45
13831316950	Amino Acids	building blocks of proteins	46
13831318981	amino acids picture		47
13831322982	peptide bond	The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	48
13831322983	Polypeptide	A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	49
13831325433	secondary structure of protein	protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain	50
13831333207	chaperone proteins	assist in folding other proteins	51
13831337342	Dissociation	the separation of ions that occurs when an ionic compound dissolves	52
13831337343	Lipids	Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.	53
13831338754	Triglycerides	an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.	54
13831340971	saturated fats	A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products.	55
13831341318	saturated fats (picture)		56
13831343157	unsaturated fats	A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.	57
13831343158	unsaturated fats (picture)		58
13831345813	Phospholipids	A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.	59
13831346660	Phospholipid (picture)		60
13831353700	The surface area-to-volume ratio of a cell	explains why cells are small	61
13831356138	Cell theory states	All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells	62
13831375910	light microscope	An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens.	63
13831378342	Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)	A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens.	64
13831382740	Prokaryote	A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles	65
13831382741	Nucleoid	A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.	66
13831383853	nuclear envelope	layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell	67
13831385499	Cytoplasm	A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended	68
13831389055	Ribosomes	site of protein synthesis	69
13831392393	peptidoglycan	A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid	70
13831394287	cell wall	A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.	71
13831394288	Flagella	whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement	72
13831934439	Chromatin	granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins	73
13831937076	Endoplasmic Reticulum	A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.	74
13831939632	Cilia	Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion	75
13831939633	nuclear pores	holes in the nuclear envelope that allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus	76
13831945058	Glycoproteins	Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins.	77
13831945059	Smooth ER	That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.	78
13831950589	Golgi apparatus	A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell	79
13831950590	Lysosomes	An organelle containing digestive enzymes	80
13831954186	Peroxisomes	Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals	81
13831954187	Vacuoles	Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates	82
13831957090	Tonoplast	A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the cell sap	83
13831960027	Mitochondria	An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.	84
13831960028	Chloroplast	An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs	85
13831962280	Matrix	Innermost compartment of the mitochondrion	86
13831965175	Amyloplast	stores starch	87
13831965176	Plastids	organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane and contain their own DNA	88
13831971226	Endosymbiosis	symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other.	89
13831973821	Centrioles	Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only	90
13831977247	actin filaments	protein fibers that play a role in cell division and shape	91
13831980104	basal body	A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole.	92
13832156602	Nucleolus	Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes	93
13832159287	Cell membrane (plasma membrane)	encloses the cell, regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell.	94