AP Biology: Biological Communication Flashcards
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| 12700269589 | Reception | The target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell; involves the binding of the signaling molecule to a receptor protein |  | 0 |
| 12700269590 | Transduction | A step or series of steps that converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response - amplifies signal |  | 1 |
| 12700269591 | Signal Transduction Pathway | A sequence of changes in a series of different molecules during transduction |  | 2 |
| 12700269592 | Response | The change or cellular activity triggered by a transduced signal | 3 | |
| 12700269593 | Ligand | A molecule that specifically binds to a receptor based on complementary shape and causes a change in shape of the receptor |  | 4 |
| 12700269597 | Transcription Factor | Special proteins that control which genes are turned on (transcribed into mRNA) in a particular cell at a particular time |  | 5 |
| 12700269598 | Phosphorylation Cascade | occurs when phosphate groups from ATP are transferred to other proteins during some transduction pathways; addition of phosphates activates the proteins |  | 6 |
| 12700269599 | secondary messengers | Small, nonprotein water-soluble molecules or ions involved in a the transduction part of a signaling pathway; examples include cAMP and calcium ions |  | 7 |
| 12700269608 | neurotransmitter | Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. | 8 | |
| 12700269612 | amplification | The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction. | 9 | |
| 12700269613 | myelin sheath | a fatty covering around the axon of neurons that speeds the neural impulse | 10 | |
| 12700269614 | resting potential | when the outside of the neuron has a net positive charge and the inside of the neuron has a next negative charge (-70mv) | 11 | |
| 12700269615 | action potential | A momentary reversal in electrical potential across a neural membrane that occurs when a cell has been activated by a stimulus. | 12 | |
| 12700269616 | sodium potassium pump | Process by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions back into the cell; completely restores the resting conditions of the neuron. | 13 | |
| 12700269617 | sodium channel protein | structure in the membrane of a neuron that opens to allow Na+ to enter the neuron during depolarization | 14 | |
| 12700363504 | water soluble ligands | Are polar and cannot pass through membrane without assistance. Binds to a receptor protein in the membrane. Includes peptides and proteins | 15 | |
| 12700365468 | lipid (fat) soluble ligands | Can pass through the membrane and bind to receptor proteins within the cell. Example: Hormones | 16 | |
| 12700405640 | Neuron | a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell. | 17 | |
| 12700409537 | Dendrite | the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body | 18 | |
| 12700409538 | Axon | the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands | 19 | |
| 12700450208 | Depolarization | The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive. | 20 | |
| 12700452947 | Repolarization | Period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron | 21 | |
| 12700455332 | threshold potential | The minimum membrane potential that must be reached in order for an action potential to be generated. | 22 | |
| 12700462163 | excitatory neurotransmitters | Cause depolarization of postsynaptic membranes/Promote action potentials | 23 | |
| 12700464831 | inhibitory neurotransmitters | chemicals released from the terminal buttons of a neuron that inhibit the next neuron from firing | 24 |