AP Psychology Learning and Memory Flashcards
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| 13678128960 | learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |  | 0 |
| 13678128961 | habituation | an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it |  | 1 |
| 13678128962 | associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. |  | 2 |
| 13678128963 | classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |  | 3 |
| 13678128964 | behaviorism | psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. |  | 4 |
| 13678128965 | unconditioned response (UR) | the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth |  | 5 |
| 13678128966 | unconditioned stimulus (US) | a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a reaction (like food) |  | 6 |
| 13678128967 | conditioned response (CR) | the learned reaction to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) |  | 7 |
| 13678128968 | conditioned stimulus (CS) | an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a conditioned reaction |  | 8 |
| 13678128969 | acquisition | the "learned" behavior or response |  | 9 |
| 13678128970 | higher-order conditioning | a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new NS, creating a second (often weaker) CS. |  | 10 |
| 13678128971 | extinction | the diminishing of a CR; when a response is no longer reinforced |  | 11 |
| 13678128972 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR |  | 12 |
| 13678128973 | generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit responses |  | 13 |
| 13678128974 | discrimination | the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US |  | 14 |
| 13678128975 | learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |  | 15 |
| 13678128976 | operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher |  | 16 |
| 13678128977 | law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, or where behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |  | 17 |
| 13678128978 | operant chamber | Skinner box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking |  | 18 |
| 13678128979 | shaping | reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |  | 19 |
| 13678128980 | reinforcer | any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |  | 20 |
| 13678128981 | positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. |  | 21 |
| 13678128982 | negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. |  | 22 |
| 13678128983 | primary reinforce | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | | 23 |
| 13678128984 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |  | 24 |
| 13678128985 | partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement | | 25 |
| 13678128986 | fixed-ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |  | 26 |
| 13678128987 | variable-ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses | | 27 |
| 13678128988 | fixed-interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |  | 28 |
| 13678128989 | variable-interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals | | 29 |
| 13678128990 | punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |  | 30 |
| 13678128991 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it) |  | 31 |
| 13678128992 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it LATER |  | 32 |
| 13678128993 | insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem |  | 33 |
| 13678128994 | intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake; INSIDE |  | 34 |
| 13678128995 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, OUTSIDE |  | 35 |
| 13678128996 | modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |  | 36 |
| 13678128997 | mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath |  | 37 |
| 13678128998 | prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior |  | 38 |
| 13678128999 | little albert | subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear |  | 39 |
| 13678129000 | Albert Bandura | researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment |  | 40 |
| 13678129001 | John Garcia | Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance. |  | 41 |
| 13678129002 | Ivan Pavlov | Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936) |  | 42 |
| 13678129003 | B.F. Skinner | he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats. |  | 43 |
| 13678129004 | John Watson | behaviorist; famous for Little Albert study in which a baby was taught to fear a white rat | | 44 |
| 13678129005 | biofeedback | a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature. |  | 45 |
| 13678129006 | aversion theory | an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior. |  | 46 |
| 13678129007 | neutral stimulus (NS) | environmental factor that doesn't elicit a CR until it is repeatedly paired with the US (ex/ bell in Pavlov experiment) | 47 | |
| 13678129008 | token economy | object or point reward system used in jail, school, & at Chuck E Cheese | 48 | |
| 13678129009 | cognitive learning | the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language | 49 | |
| 13678129010 | Stimulus | a signal to which an organism responds | 50 | |
| 13678129011 | reinforcement | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | 51 | |
| 13678129012 | conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer | 52 | |
| 13678129013 | reinforcement schedule | the frequency and regularity with which rewards are offered; they can be based on a number of target behaviors (ratio) or on a time interval (interval); types include: fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval | 53 | |
| 13678129014 | respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus | 54 | |
| 13678129015 | Coping | alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods | 55 | |
| 13678129016 | learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events | 56 | |
| 13678129017 | external locus of control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate. | 57 | |
| 13678129018 | internal locus of control | the perception that you control your own fate | 58 | |
| 13678129019 | self-control | the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards | 59 | |
| 13678129020 | observational learning | learning by observing others; also called social learning | 60 | |
| 13678129021 | memory | the ability to store and retrieve information over time | 61 | |
| 13678129022 | sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system | 62 | |
| 13678129023 | working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory | 63 | |
| 13678129024 | long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. | 64 | |
| 13678129025 | procedural memory | A type of long-term memory of how to perform different actions and skills. Essentially, it is the memory of how to do certain things. | 65 | |
| 13678129026 | episodic memory | A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences. | 66 | |
| 13678129027 | semantic memory | A category of long-term memory of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world | 67 | |
| 13678129028 | implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection | 68 | |
| 13678129029 | explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" | 69 | |
| 13678129030 | Encoding | the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning. | 70 |