AP PSYCHOLOGY BARRONS Flashcards
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| 11893637372 | Wilhelm Wundt | -First psych lab - introspection: people look inward - structuralism: mind combines emotions and sensations | 0 | |
| 11893637373 | William James | - functionalism: how the theory applies in real life | 1 | |
| 11893637374 | Mary Whiton Calkins | - studied with James, became the president of the American Psychological Association | 2 | |
| 11893637375 | Margaret Floy Washburn | first women to get a PHD in psychology | 3 | |
| 11893637376 | Max Wertheimer | Gestalt Psych: examine total experience instead of separating BUT gestalt rules: was more for perception... viewing things with proximity, similarity, continuity, closure | 4 | |
| 11893637377 | Sigmund Freud - theory of psychology - dreams - stages of maturation - Parts of the Mind | Psychoanalysis: unconscious mind. believes that people repress which is unhealthy - believed that dreams hold manifest content and latent content. Manifest: literal Latent: unconscious meaning - oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital - id: pleasure ego: reality super ego: acts as a conscience | 5 | |
| 11893637378 | John B. Watson | behaviorism: only wats observable: stimuli and responses | 6 | |
| 11893637379 | Ivan Pavlov | Classical Conditioning: salivating dogs when hear bell US: original stimulus(food) UR: original response (salivating) CS: Conditioned Stimulus(bell) CR: original response (salivating) | 7 | |
| 11893637380 | B.F. Skinner | Behaviorism + reinforcement Operant Conditioning: - Skinner box: press lever for food - + reinforcer - neg reinforcer:removal of sonething unpleanant | 8 | |
| 11893637381 | Abraham Maslow | Humanist: individual choice and free will. Opposite of Behaviorism. Can't be controlled but make our choices instead. | 9 | |
| 11893637382 | Carl Rogers | Humanist: individual choice and free will | 10 | |
| 11893637383 | Charles Darwin | Traits passes down if helpful for survival | 11 | |
| 11893637384 | Jean Piaget | worked for Alfred Binet(created intelligence test) Cognitive Perspective - how we think about things as we develop 0-2: sensorimotor stage: reflexes, object permanence, 2-7: Preoperational:language symbolic thinking, egocentrics, animism 8-12: Concrete Operational: reversibility, conservation 12-....: Formal Operational stage: meta-cognition, reasoning, | 12 | |
| 11893637385 | Social-Cultural Perspective Eclectic Biopsychosocial perspective(MODERN) | - how people act compared to other cultures - claim no one perspective has all the ans. - bio + psycho + social factors | 13 | |
| 11893637386 | Hindsight bias | think u knew it all along | 14 | |
| 11893637387 | Applied Research Basic Research Hypothesis Operational Definitions valid vs reliable | - research with clear applications - research for attitudes, not applied - relationship between two variables - States the variables and how they are measured - valid is correct, reliable is consistent | 15 | |
| 11893637388 | representative sampling random sampling stratified sampling survey method case studies | - good sample of population - not a good sample - way to ensure sample represents population - cant identify cause-effect relationship, more counfounding variables - focus on small group... less representative | 16 | |
| 11893637389 | Correlation + vs - -1 to 1 | - +: one predicts the other - --: one predicts the absence of the other 0 : weak correlation. +1: strong postive correlation | 17 | |
| 11893637390 | positivley skewed | - one much more positive outlier | 18 | |
| 11893637391 | Dendrites Neuron Pathway Neuron charge Afferent Neurons Interneurons Efferent Neurons | -make synaptic connections with other neurons - dendrite, cell body, axon(myelin sheath), terminal buttons, synapse - when resting negative, message called an action potential - take information to the brain - interneurons: within brain - within body | 19 | |
| 11893637392 | Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System | - brain and brain stem - somatic nervous system - automatic nervous system: sympathetic: excite : parasympathetic: calms | 20 | |
| 11893637393 | Acetylcholine | Motor movement. Lack --> Alzheimer's disease | 21 | |
| 11893637394 | Dopamine | Motor Movement and Alertness Lack--> Parkinson's Too Much --> Schizophrenia | 22 | |
| 11893637395 | Endorphins | Pain control | 23 | |
| 11893637396 | Serotonin | Mood Control Lack: Depression | 24 | |
| 11893637397 | GABA | inhibitory neurotransmitter Seizures, sleep issues | 25 | |
| 11893637398 | Glutamate | Excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory migraines, seizures | 26 | |
| 11893637399 | Norepinephrine | Alertness, arousal depression | 27 | |
| 11893637400 | Electroencephalogram (EEG) | brain waves used in sleep research | 28 | |
| 11893637401 | Computerized Axial Topography (CAT) | 3D image | 29 | |
| 11893637402 | Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | 3D image, also shows density of brain material | 30 | |
| 11893637403 | Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | which parts of the brain uses glucose | 31 | |
| 11893637404 | Functional MRI | MRI + PET | 32 | |
| 11893637405 | Brain - 3 sections | ForeBrain: thoughts and reason MidBrain: simple movements HindBrain: basic biological functions | 33 | |
| 11893637406 | MidBrain - one thing | reticular formation: controls arousal and ability to focus if off: coma | 34 | |
| 11893637407 | HindBrain - 3 things | - Cerebellum: habitual muscle movements - Pons: - connects midbrain and hindbrain and forebrain - facial expressions - Medula - blood pressure, heart rate, breathing | 35 | |
| 11893637408 | Forebrain 5 things | - Thalamus: recieves signals and moves to other parts of brain - Hypothalamus: metabolic functions - lateral: when stimulated: eat - ventromedial: stop eatign - Amygdala: emotion - Hippocampus: memory(encodes) - Cerebral Cortex | 36 | |
| 11893637409 | Cerebral Cortex left and right | left: logic, sequential tasks, right: creative tasks separated by: corpus callosum: cut to treat epilepsy frontal lobe: - prefrontal cortex: directing thought - Broca's Area: speaking - motor cortex: sperates parietal lobe parietal lobe: - sensory cortex: seperates frontal lobe occipital lobes: recives visual imput - visual cortex temporal lobes: recives sound imput - auditory cortex - Wernicke's Area: written/spoken speech | 37 | |
| 11893637410 | Endocrine System | - Adrenal Glands: adrenaline | 38 | |
| 11893637411 | Chromosomal Abnormalities | X--> Turners: shot=rt, webb necks, different sexual development XXY--> Klinefelter's syndroms: extreme introversion | 39 | |
| 11893637412 | Path of Seeing | light --> cornea (protective covering) --> pupil(iris dilates and opens it) --> lens(flips)--> projected on retina --> transduction.. transduction: cones(color) and rods(b & w) - fovea: many cones ganglion cells: sends to thalamus from the optic nerve | 40 | |
| 11893637413 | Theories of Color Vision | trichromatic theory: Young-Helmhotltz: three cones: blue red green combine to form colors better: opponent process theory: come in pairs.. | 41 | |
| 11893637414 | Path of Hearing | outer ear --> ear canal(auditory canal) --> eardrum(vibrates) --> ossicles(hammer, anvil, stirrup) --> oval window--> cochlea | 42 | |
| 11893637415 | Theories of Pitch | Place theory: hari in cochlea respond diferently to pitch Frequency Pitch: rate at which hair cells fire | 43 | |
| 11893637416 | taste | papillae(bumps on tounge) - sweet, salty, spicy, umami, bitter | 44 | |
| 11893637417 | Smell Pathway | particles --> receptor cells --> olfactory bulb --> olfactory receptor cells --> amygdala -> hippocampus | 45 | |
| 11893637418 | Threshold | Absolute threshold: notice 50% - jnd: percentage increases(Weber's) | 46 | |
| 11893637419 | Top - Down processing | - use background knowledge | 47 | |
| 11893637420 | Gestalt Rules - stroboscopic effect - phi phenomenon - auto kinetic effect | principles describing how we see things as groups: proximity, similarity, continuity, closure - things seem moving when they r not - light turning on and off seems to be one moving light - people stare at a light will think it is moving | 48 | |
| 11893637421 | Elanor Gibson - her experiment - monocular cues - binocular cues | visual cliff test --> told us that infants have a depth cue - depth cues that don't need two eyes - depth cues that need two eyes | 49 | |
| 11893637422 | Sleep pattern - how long is a cycle - going to sleep? what wave? - awake but also stage 1 and 2? what wave? - where are sleep spindles - what is used to measure - where are delta waves - when is REm | - 90 minute cycles - sleep onset: awake & asleep(alpha waves) - awake and stage 1& 2 theta waves - stage 2: EEG shows sleep spindles - 3 & 4: delta sleep, slower. Good for health - Backwards 3 --> 2 --> 1 - 1: REM sleep(intense activity, moving eyes, dreams) | 50 | |
| 11893637423 | Sleep Disorders | sleep apnea: stops breathing in between sleep narcolepsy: intense sleepiness at random times | 51 | |
| 11893637424 | 4 categories of drugs | stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, opiates | 52 | |
| 11893637425 | stimulants - 4 of them - what they do | caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine - speed up body processes - self confidence, invincible | 53 | |
| 11893637426 | depressants - 3 types - what they do | alcohol, barbiturates, anxiolytics(tranquilizer - slow down body systems - rush, but slows reactions and judgement | 54 | |
| 11893637427 | hallucinogens | lSD, peyote, psilocybin, mushrooms, marijuanan - changes in perceptions of reality, fantasies | 55 | |
| 11893637428 | opiates | - morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine - powerful pain killers, mood elevators - extreme | 56 | |
| 11893637429 | Classical Conditioning - 4 types - acquisition - extinction - spontaneous recovery - generalization - discrimination Watson and Rayner | Ivan Pavlov - delayed conditioning: ringing then ringing with food - trace conditioning: ringing break food - simultaneous conditioning: ringing and food - backward conditioning: food then ringing - learns to salvitate - unlearns - after unlearns, sometiems randomly learns again - salvitates to all bell like noises - only specific bell Watson and Rayner: Little Albert | 57 | |
| 11893637430 | Reinforcement Schedules - continuous reinforcement - partial reinforcement - fixed ratio - fixed interval - variable schedules - | - continuous: reward each time - partial reinforcement - fixed ratio: every 5 behaviors - fixed interval: ever 5 sec - variable schedules: random - | 58 | |
| 11893637431 | Albert Bandura | observational learning - social learnign theory - when children watched adults being violent they were violent | 59 | |
| 11893637432 | Edward Tolman's | Latent Learning: now more but only show it when it is rewarded | 60 | |
| 11893637433 | Wolfgang Kohler | insigh learning: when one learns how to solve a problemm | 61 | |
| 11893637434 | three box memory model | sensory(lost) -->> encoding --> short term(lost cause not encoded) --> encoding --> long term(lost due to retrieval failure. retrieval is from long to short | 62 | |
| 11893637435 | George Sperling | did experiments with sensory memory. Flashed things saw what people remembered. | 63 | |
| 11893637436 | Sensory Memory - 2 types of memory - how does something get encoded | iconic memory: a slip second perfect photograph of a scene echoic memory: perfect brief memory of sounds Selective Attention: what we remember | 64 | |
| 11893637437 | George Miller | learnt that in short term memory can remember 7 digits | 65 | |
| 11893637438 | Long term memory | episodic memory: memories of a specific event, stored in sequential events semantic memory: general knowledge procedural memory: habits, skills | 66 | |
| 11893637439 | - how things are remembered in a list interference | serial position effect: primacy effect and recency effect retroactive interference: new affects old proactive interference: old affects new | 67 | |
| 11893637440 | damage to the hippocampus | anterograde amnesia: cant encode new memories | 68 | |
| 11893637441 | Language | - phonemes: smallest units of sounds - morphemes: smallest unit of meaningful sounds - babies: language acquisition - babble: 4 months - holophrastic stage: one word - telegraphic speech: 2 words | 69 | |
| 11893637442 | Benjamin Whorf | linguistic relativity hypothesis: language controls thinking | 70 | |
| 11893637443 | problem solving | algorithums: all combinations heuristics: words - functional fixedness: cant see new uses for objects | 71 | |
| 11893637444 | Drive reduction theory Arousal Theory Abraham Moslow | primary drives: food water secondary drives: money for food, water Yerkes-Dodson: stress versus Arousal .. perform best at medium Maslow theory Self Actualization(when human carry out potential) Self esteem needs belonging needs safety physical | 72 | |
| 11893637445 | extrinsic motivators intrinsic motivators approach - approach conflict avoidance-avoidance conflict approach - avoidance conflict multiple approach-avoidance conflicts | outside rewards internal rewards - 2 good things - 2 bad things - 1 thing is both good and bad - 2+ things with both good and bad | 73 | |
| 11893637446 | William james and Carl Lange Walter Cannon and Philip Bard Stanley Schachter's two factor theory | - emotion is felt because of biological changes from stress - thinking and biological = emotion | 74 | |
| 11893637447 | fetus | zygote(fertilized egg) --> germinal stage(cell division)--> embryonic stage(organ formation)--> fetal stage(sexual) - tetrogens are harmful to development ex. alcohol - lead too fetal alcohol syndrome-- physical and mind issues | 75 | |
| 11893637448 | rooting reflex sucking reflex grasping reflex moro reflex babinski reflex | - touch check will try to suck - suck - hold - startled: fling out limbs then scrunch up - if foot is stroked, will spread toes | 76 | |
| 11893637449 | Harry Harlow | monkeys with one real and one fake mom... he unreal mom's monkey was stressed | 77 | |
| 11893637450 | Parenting Styles | authoritarian parents: strict authoritative: encourage punish permissive: lenient | 78 | |
| 11893637451 | Erikson's | 0-1: trust vs mistrust 1-3: Autonomy vs shame and doubt 3-6: Initiative vs Guilt 6-12: Industry vs inferiority adolescents: identity early adults: intimacy vs isolation adults: generativity vs stagnation old: integrity or desair | 79 | |
| 11893637452 | Kohlberg Moral development | 1. Preconventional Morality: 7-10: avoiding punishment getting rewards 2. Conventional Morality: 10-16: society rules 3. PostConventiaonal Morality : internal values | 80 | |
| 11893637453 | Type A versus Type B | : Amritha vs Me | 81 | |
| 11893637454 | Alfred Binet LOUIS Terman | mental age created a starndardized test to measure it - created the measure IQ: mental age/age *100 Wechsler: does IQ based on a normal curve | 82 | |
| 11893637455 | Perspectives on Disorders - psychoanalytic - humanistic - behavioral - cognitive -sociocultural -biomedical | - pyschoanalytic: internal conflicts - humanistic : failure to suceed or being in touch wiht feelings - behavioral: enviornment - cognitive: irrational thought -sociocultural: dysfunctional society -biomedical: medical issues | 83 |