Soil and Feeding the World (APES) Flashcards

13206776616	chemical weathering	the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both	0
13206779363	acid precipitation	Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog	1
13206780781	physical weathering	Any process that breaks rock down into smaller pieces without changing the chemistry of the rock; typically wind and water.	2
13206782788	Erosion	The process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another	3
13206786775	parent material	the rock material from which the inorganic components of a soil are derived	4
13206790091	soil degradation	The loss of some or all of a soil's ability to support plant growth	5
13206793131	soil horizon	a layer of soil that has identifiable characteristics produced by chemical weathering and other soil-forming processes	6
13206796024	O horizon	The organic horizon at the surface of many soils, composed of organic detritus in various stages of decomposition	7
13206798305	A Horizon	the top layer of soil, a zone of organic material and minerals that have been mixed together - also known as topsoil	8
13206804984	E horizon	The zone of leaching that forms under the O horizon or, less often, the A horizon.	9
13206806884	B horizon	A soil horizon composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter	10
13206809385	C horizon	The least-weathered soil horizon, which always occurs beneath the B horizon and is similar to the parent material.	11
13206813197	cation exchange capacity	the ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cations	12
13206815537	base saturation	the proportion of soil bases to soil acids, expressed as a percentage	13
13206825548	Undernutrition	The condition in which not enough calories are ingested to maintain health	14
13206828313	malnourished	Having a diet that lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.	15
13206828314	food security	A condition in which people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life.	16
13206832385	Food insecurity	a condition in which people do not have adequate access to food	17
13206836985	famine	The condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period.	18
13206838945	anemia	a deficiency of red blood cells	19
13206841604	Overnutrition	Ingestion of too many calories and improper foods.	20
13206844904	industrial agriculture	Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization	21
13206846428	energy subsidy	the fossil fuel energy and human energy input per calorie of food produced	22
13206848845	Green Revolution	A shift in agricultural practices in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, and resulted in increased food output	23
13206851374	economies of scale	The observation that average costs of production fall as output increases.	24
13206854625	Waterlogging	A form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods.	25
13206858210	organic fertilizer	fertilizer composed of organic matter from plants and animals	26
13206860106	synthetic fertilizer	Fertilizer produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels	27
13206866253	Monocropping	An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety	28
13206866254	pesticide	a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.	29
13206868645	insecticide	a pesticide that targets species of insects and other invertebrates that consume crops	30
13206872187	herbicide	A pesticide that targets plant species that compete with crops.	31
13206873792	broad-spectrum pesticide	a pesticide that kills a variety of organisms, including beneficial organisms, in addition to the target pest	32
13206875658	Selective pesticide	a pesticide that targets a narrow range of organisms	33
13206877541	Persistent pesticide	A pesticide that remains in the environment for a long time.	34
13206888911	pesticide resistance	a trait possessed by certain individuals that are exposed to a pesticide and survive	35
13206890450	pesticide treadmill	A cycle of pesticide development, followed by pest resistance, followed by new pesticide development	36
13206893199	CAFOs	Concentrated animal feeding operations- large structures where animals are being raised in high density numbers	37
13206893200	fishery	a commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region	38
13206895556	fishery collapse	the decline of a fish population by 90% or more	39
13206897010	Bycatch	The unintentional catch of nontarget species while fishing	40
13206899881	shifting agriculture	An agricultural method in which land is cleared and used for a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients.	41
13206899882	Desertification	the transformation of arable, productive land to desert or unproductive land due to climate change or destructive land use	42
13206902014	nomadic grazing	Feeding herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, often over long distances	43
13206904312	sustainable agriculture	Agriculture that fulfills the need for food and fiber while enhancing the quality of the soil, minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources, and allowing economic viability for the farmer.	44
13206906558	Intercropping	An agricultural method in which two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction.	45
13206908371	crop rotation	An agricultural technique in which crop species in a field are alternated from season to season.	46
13206910937	Agroforestry	An agricultural technique in which trees and vegetables are intercropped	47
13206912928	contour plowing	An agricultural technique in which plowing and harvesting are done parallel to the topographic contours of the land	48
13206918161	Perennial plants	Live for multiple years so there is no need to plow fields each year for replanting	49
13206918162	Annual plants	Plants that live for only one year	50
13206920196	no-till agriculture	An agricultural method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons, used as a means of reducing erosion	51
13206922049	Integrated Pest Management (IPM)	An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs	52
13206925441	organic agriculture	Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.	53
13206928112	individual transferable quotas	A fishery management program in which individual fishers are given a total allowable catch of fish in a season that they can either catch or sell.	54
13206930071	Aquaculture	Farming aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds.	55