AP Biology Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

13557940675	two	How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis?	0
13557940676	genome	-consists of all the DNA in a cell -holds specific genetic traits	1
13557940677	chromosomes	-packages in a cell which contain DNA molecules -humans have 46 -each species has a specific number	2
13557940678	chromatin	-makes up chromosomes -complex of DNA and protein	3
13557940679	somatic cells	-have two sets of chromosomes -go through mitosis -nonreproductive	4
13557940680	gametes	-have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells -go through meiosis -reproductive cells	5
13557940681	sister chromatids	-each duplicated chromosome has two -separate during cell division	6
13557940682	centromere	-narrow waist of the duplicated chromosome -where the two chromatids are most closely attached	7
13557940683	cytokinesis	-division of the cytoplasm	8
13557940684	interphase	-where 90% of a cell's life is spent -cell growing and chromosomes coping -3 subphases: -G1 -Synthesis -G2 -cell is growing	9
13557940685	G2	In which subphase of interphase are the chromosomes duplicated?	10
13557940686	prophase	-first stage of mitosis -spindle fibers start to forms -nucleus thins -sister chromatids combine to make chromosomes	11
13557940688	metaphase	-third phase of mitosis -chromosomes line up in the center of the cell -spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores of each sister chromatid	12
13557940689	anaphase	-fourth phase of mitosis -sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell	13
13557940690	telophase	-fifth and final stage of mitosis -genetically identical daughter nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell -nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap and push each other elongating the cell	14
13557940691	mitotic spindle	-apparatus of microtubules that control chromosome movement during mitosis	15
13557940695	cleavage furrow	-formed during late telophase and cytokinesis	16
13557940696	cell plate	forms in plant cells during cytokinesis	17
13557940697	binary fission	-prokaryotic method of reproduction and cell division -chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes actively more apart	18
13557940698	cell cycle control system	-directs sequential event of the cell cycle -regulated by internal and external force -receives signals from the cytoplasm	19
13557940699	checkpoints	-where the cell cycle stops until a go ahead signal is received -G1 is the most important for many cells	20
13557940700	G0	-the nondividing stage of the cell if it does not pass the G1 checkpoint	21
13557940701	growth factors	proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide	22
13557940703	cancer cells	-cells that exhibit neither density dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence -escape the usual control system -do not need growth factors to divide	23
13557940704	tumors	-masses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue -formed by cancer cells	24
13557940705	benign tumor	-lump of abnormal cells remaining only at the original site	25
13557940706	malignant tumor	invade surrounding tissue	26
13557940707	metastasize	exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body, where they may form secondary tumors	27
13557940708	46	What is the chromosome number for humans?	28
13557940709	homologous chromosomes	-2 chromosomes in each pair -same length and shape -carry genes controlling the same inherited characters	29
13557940710	diploid cell	-has two sets of chromosomes -human # is 46 -2n	30
13557940711	haploid	-gamete -contains a single set of chromosomes -n	31
13557940712	fertilization	the union of gametes (sperm and egg)	32
13557940713	zygote	-fertilized egg -one set of chromosomes from each parent -diploid cell produces somatic cells by mitosis	33
13557940714	prophase I	-occupies more than 90% of the time required for meiosis -chromosomes condense -synapse and crossing over -tetrads and chiasmata	34
13557940715	synapsis	-homologous chromosomes loosely pair up -align gene by gene -get together with homologous pair	35
13557940716	crossing over	nonsister chromatids exchange DNA segments	36
13557940717	metaphase I	homologous pairs line up in the middles of the cell and the spindle fibers attach to them	37
13557940718	anaphase I	-chromosomes move toward each pole -sister chromatids move as one unit toward the pole	38
13557940719	telophase I	-beginning: each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes -each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids	39
13557940720	prophase II	spindle apparatus forms	40
13557940721	metaphase II	-because of crossing over the sister chromatids are no longer genetically identical -kinetochores of sister chromosomes attach to microtubules extending from opposite poles	41
13557940722	anaphase II	-sister chromatids of each chromosome move as two newly individual chromosomes toward opposite poles	42
13557940723	telophase II	-chromosomes arrive at opposite poles -nuclei form and the chromosomes begin decondensing	43
13557940724	independent assortment of chromosomes	-mechanism contributing to genetic variation -homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly -metaphase I -each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of the other pairs -the number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes is 2^n where n is the haploid number	44
13557940725	crossing over	-mechanism contributing to genetic variation -produces recombinant chromosomes -begins in early prophase I -homologous chromosomes pair up gene by gene -homologue portions of two nonsister chromatids trade places -combines DNA from two parents into a single chromosome	45
13557940726	random fertilization	-any sperm can fuse with any ovum -the fusion of two gametes produces a zygote with any of about 70 trillion diploid combinations -each zygote has a unique genetic identity	46