APES Friedland Chapter 2 Flashcards

10643842712	matter	anything that occupies space and has mass	0
10643842713	mass	a measurement of the amount of matter an object contains	1
10643842714	atom	the smallest particle than can contain the chemical properties of an element	2
10643842715	element	a substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components	3
10643842716	periodic table	a chart of all chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties	4
10643842717	molecule	a particle that contains more than one atom	5
10643842718	compound	a molecule containing more than one element	6
10643842719	atomic number	the number of protons in the nucleus of a particular atom	7
10643842720	mass number	a measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element	8
10643842721	isotopes	atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons	9
10643842722	radioactive decay	the spontaneous release of material from the nucleus of radioactive isotopes	10
10643842723	half-life	the time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay	11
10643842724	covalent bond	the bond formed when elements share electrons	12
10643842725	ionic bond	a chemical bond between two oppositely charged ions	13
10643842726	hydrogen bond	a weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom or another molecule	14
10643842727	polar molecule	a molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative	15
10643842728	energy	the ability to do work or transfer heat	16
10643842729	electromagnetic radiation	a form of energy emitted by the sun that includes but is not limited to, visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared energy	17
10643842730	photon	a massless packet of energy that carries electromagnetic radiation at the speed of light	18
10643842731	joule	the amount of energy used when a one-watt electrical device is turned on for one second	19
10643842732	potential energy	stored energy that has not been released	20
10643842733	kinetic energy	the energy of motion	21
10643842734	chemical energy	potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds	22
10643842735	temperature	the measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance	23
10643842736	first law of thermodynamics	a physical law which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can change from one form to another	24
10643842737	second law of thermodynamics	a physical law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work is diminished	25
10643842738	energy efficiency	the ratio of the amount of work done to the total amount of energy introduced to the system	26
10643842739	energy quality	the ease with which an energy source can be used for work	27
10643842740	entropy	disorder/randomness in a system	28
10643842741	open system	a system in which exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries.	29
10643842742	closed system	exchange of matter or energy does not occur across system boundaries. Ex: Matter on Earth continuously recycles	30
10643842743	output	a loss from a system	31
10643842744	input	an addition to a system	32
10643842745	system analysis	looks at inputs, outputs, and changes in a system under various conditions	33
10643842746	steady state	a state in which inputs equal outputs, so that the system is not changing over time	34
10643842747	feedback	adjustment to input or output caused by change	35
10643842748	negative feedback loops	a feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring	36
10643842749	positive feedback loops	a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified	37
10643842750	weight	the force that results from gravity acting on mass	38
10643842751	surface tension	cohesion of water molecules creates stretchy surface layer	39
10643842752	capillary action	cohesion and adhesion of water molecules pulls them along a surface or up a tube	40
10643842753	conservation of matter	matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another	41
10643842754	organic compound	a compound that contains carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds	42
10643842755	inorganic molecules	a compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains carbon bound to elements other than hydroget	43
10643842756	power	rate at which work is done	44
10643842757	kinetic energy	the energy of motion	45
10643842758	potential energy	stored energy that has not been released	46
10643842759	energy efficiency	the ratio of the amount of energy expended in the four you want to the total amount of energy that is included in the system	47
10643842760	open System	exchange of matter or energy occur across system boundaries	48
10643842761	natural law	phenomenon which has been rigorously tested and to which there are no known exceptions	49
10643842762	macromolecules	carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids	50
10643842763	acid	a substance that contributes hydrogen ions to a solution	51
10643842764	base	a substance that contributes hydroxide ions to a solution	52
10643842765	pH	the number that indicates the relative strength of acids and bases in a substance	53
10643842766	chemical reaction	a reaction that occurs when atoms separate from molecules or recombine with other molecules	54
10643842767	carbohydrate	a compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms	55
10643842768	protein	a critical component of living organisms made up of a long chain of nitrogen-containing organic molecules known as amino acids	56
10643842769	nucleic acid	organic compounds found in all living cells	57
10643842770	DNA	a nucleic acid, the genetic material that contains the code for reproducing the components of the next generation, and which organisms pass on to their offspring	58
10643842771	RNA	a nucleic acid that translates the code stored in DNA, which makes possible the synthesis of proteins	59
10643842772	lipid	a smaller organic biological molecule that does not mix with water	60
10643842773	cell	a highly organized living entity that consists of four types of macromolecules and other substances in a water solution, surrounded by a membrane	61