AP Biology - All Terms! Flashcards

9928771191	Covalent Bonds	occurs when valence electrons are shared by two atoms	0
9928771192	Nonpolar covalent bonds	occurs when the electrons being shared are shared equally between the two atoms	1
9928771193	Polar covalent bonds	one atom has greater electronegativity than the other, resulting in an unequal sharing of the electrons (In h20 - O is slightly negative and H is slightly positive)	2
9928771194	Ionic Bonds	two atoms attract valence electrons so unequally that the more electronegative atom steals the electron away from the less electronegative atom	3
9928771195	Ion	resulting charged atom or molecule from an ionic bond	4
9928771196	Hydrogen bond	weak bonds that for between partial positively charged H atom of one molecule and the strongly electronegatively charged O or N atom of another molecule	5
9928771197	Van der Waals Interactions	very weak connections that are the result of the asymmetrical distribution of electrons within a molecule. they contribute to the 3D shape of molecules	6
9928771198	Properties of Water	- One O- and two H+ atoms - Water molecules are polar - Hydrogen bonds form between H20 molecules - maximum of 4 H bonds at a time per water molecule	7
9928771199	Cohesion	the linking of molecules (ex: bugs can walk on water due to this property)	8
9928771200	Adhesion	clinging of one substance to another (ex: water droplets adhering to glass windshield)	9
9928771201	Specific Heat	the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance 1 degree celsius. (ex: high specific heat makes the temp. of our oceans stable and able to support plant/animal life)	10
9928771202	Hydrophilic	water-soluble sustances (ex: sugars, ioinic compounds, some proteins, etc)	11
9928771203	Hydrophobic	nonpolar substances (ex: oil) that do not dissolve in water	12
9928771204	pH scale	acidic/basic conditions affect living organisims	13
9928771205	Major elements of life	C, H, O, N, S, and P	14
9928771206	Isomers	molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in their arrangement of these atoms. (ex: glucose and fructose have same omolecular formula but different roles)	15
9928771207	Hydroxyl (-OH) Functional Group	- ex: ethanol, methanol - helps dissolve sugars	16
9928771208	Carboxyl (-COOH) Functional Group	- C double bonded to O and has bond to OH - ex: fatty acids, sugars	17
9928771209	Carbonyl (	- C double bonded to O - ex: ketones and aldehydes such as sugars	18
9928771210	Amino (-NH2) Functional Group	- ex: amino acids	19
9928771211	Phosphate (PO3) Functional Group	- ex: organic phosphate, including ATP, DNA, and phospholipids	20
9928771212	Sulfhydryl (-SH) Functional Group	- ex: some amino acids, forms disulfide bridges in proteins	21
9928771213	Methyl (-CH3)	- ex: addition of a methyl group affects the expression of genes	22
9928771214	Polymers	long chain molecules made of repeating subunits called monomers (ex: starch is a polymer composed of glucose monomers)	23
9928771215	Dehydration reactions/synthesis	creat polymers from monomers. Two monomers are joined by removing one molecule of water	24
9928771216	Hydrolysis	occurs when water is added to split large molecules	25
9928771217	Carbs	includes simple sugars (glucose, fructose, etc.) and polymers such as starch.	26
9928771218	Monosaccharides	monomers of carbohydrates (ex: glucose and ribose)	27
9928771219	Polysaccharides	polymers of monosaccharides (ex: starch[plants], cellulose, glycogen [animals])	28
9928771220	Lipids	- all hydrophobic. they are not polymers because they are assembled from a variety of components (ex: waxes, oils, fats, steriods)	29
9928771221	Fats (triglycerides)	- made up of glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules	30
9928771222	Fatty Acids	nonpolar, hydrocarbon chains that are hydrophobic	31
9928771223	Saturated Fatty Acids	- have no double bond between carbons - are solid at room temp - ex: butter, lard	32
9928771224	Unsaturated Fatty Acids	- have double bond between carbons that results in kink - liquid at room temp - ex: corn oil and olive oil	33
9928771225	Phospholipids	- make up cell membrane - have hydrophilic (polar) head - two fatty acids tails which are hydrophobic	34
9928771226	Steroids	- made up of 4 rings fused together - ex: cholesterol is a steriod. it is a common component of cell membranes - estrogen and testosterone are steroid hormones	35
9928771227	Proteins	polymers made up of amino acids monomers	36
9928771228	Amino Acids	- central carbon bonded to carboxyl group (COOH) - an amino group (NH2) - an H atom - and an R group	37
9928771229	Peptide Bonds	Link amino acids. Formed by dehydration synthesis between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent monomers	38
9928771230	4 Levels of Protein Structure	- Primary - Secondary - Tertiary - Quaternary	39
9928771231	Primary Structure	the unique sequence in which amino acids are joined	40
9928771232	Secondary Structure	either the alpha helix (coiled, slinky shape) or beta pleated sheet (accordion shape) 3D shape. this is the result from H bonds between polypeptide backbone	41
9928771233	Tertiary Structure	results in complex shape due to interactions between R groups	42
9928771234	Quaternary Structure	association of two or more polypeptide chains into one large protein	43
9928771235	Denaturation	when a protein loses its shape and ability to function due to heat, a change in pH, etc.	44
9928771236	Nucleotides	- Nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G in DNA - A, U, C, G in RNA) - Pentose (5 carbon) sugar - Phosphate group	45
9928771237	Plasma Membrane	boundary for cell - selectively permeable	46
9928771238	3 things about eukaryotic cells	1) membrane-enclosed nucleus contains chromosomes 2) membrane-bound organelle in cytoplasm 3) euk. much bigger than prok.	47
9928771239	Nuclear envelope	double membrane surrounding nucleus	48
9928771240	Nucleolus	region in nucleus where rRNA complexes with proteins to form ribosomal subunits	49
9928771241	Endoplasmic Reticulum	network of membranes and sacs that takes up more than half of membrane structure	50
9928771242	Smooth E.R.	-synthesis of lipids -metabolism of carbs. -detoxification of drugs and poisons	51
9928771243	Rough E.R.	-ribosomes on surface -synthesize proteins -proteins move from rough E.R. to golgi	52
9928771244	Golgi Apparatus	(postal system analogy) proteins are modified, stored, shipped	53
9928771245	Lysosomes	sacs of enzymes that can digest molecules	54
9928771246	Vacuoles	store food/water for protists	55
9928771247	Central Vacuole	in plant cell, store water	56
9928771248	Mitochondria	-site of cellular respiration -found in both plant and animal cells	57
9928771249	Chloroplasts	the site of photosynthesis in plants	58
9928771250	Cytoskeleton	network of protien fibers through cytoplasm for support, mobility, and regulation	59
9928771251	Centrosomes	region near nucleus where microtubules grow	60
9928771252	Centrioles	located within centrosomes	61
9928771253	Flagella	help to propel through water (ex: sperm)	62
9928771254	Isotonic Solution	no net movement of water	63
9928771255	Hypertonic Solution	cell will lose water to its surroundings, may shrivel and die (more solute in water than in cell) ex: cell and ocean water	64
9928771256	Hypotonic Solution	water enters cell faster than it leaves, cell may swell and burst (ex: cell and distilled water)	65
9928771257	Facilitated Diffusion	the process by which ions and hydrophilic solutions diffuse across the cell membrane with the help of proteins (dont need ATP)	66
9928771258	Active Diffusion	substances move against concentration gradient (from less concentrated to more concentrated) this required atp (ex: NA-K pump)	67
9928771259	Endocytosis	cell forms new vesicles from plasma membrane to take in molecules (ex: white blood cells engulfing foreign particles)	68
9928771260	Exocytosis	Vesicles from interior fuse with cell membrane to expel contents inside cell	69
9928771261	3 stages of cell communication	1) Reception 2) Transduction 3) Responce	70
9928771262	Apoptosis	controlled cell suicide to protect neighboring cells from damage that could occur	71
9928771263	Somatic Cell	any human cell that is not a sex cell (46 chromosomes)	72
9928771264	Gamete	sex cells like sperm and egg (haploid - 23 chromosomes)	73
9928771265	Interphase (mitosis)	1) G1 Phase - growth, checkpoint (if bad --> G0) 2) S Phase - duplicated chromosomes 3) G2 Phase - growth, checkpoint	74
9928771266	Mitosis Prophase	1) chromatin becomes chromatids 2) nucleoli disappears 3) mitotic spindle begins to form	75
9928771267	Mitosis Prometaphase	1) nuclear envelope fragments 2) chromatids held to each other by centromere	76
9928771268	Mitosis Metaphase	1) chroms. move to metaphase plate at equator 2) centrioles are at opposite poles	77
9928771269	Mitosis Anaphase	1) chromosomes separate 2) cell elongates 3) by the end, opposite ends of cell contain complete sets of chroms.	78
9928771270	Mitosis Telophase	1) nuclear envelope reforms 2) cytokinesis begins (in animals, cleavage furrow forms - in plants, cell plate forms)	79
9928771271	Binary Fission	how prokaryotes (bacteria) replicate their genome rather than mitosis	80
9928771272	Major cell checkpoints	g1, g2, m phase checkpoints	81
9928771273	Kinases	protein enzymes that control the cell cycle but only active when theyre connected to cyclin proteins (cdks)	82
9928771274	Transformation	process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell	83
9928771275	Metastasis	occurs when cells separate from tumor and enter blood/lymph vessels and travel around body	84
9928771276	Catabolic pathway	release of energy by the breakdown of compounds (ex: occurs when digestive enzymes break down food and release energy)	85
9928771277	Anabolic pathway	consume energy to build molecules (ex: occurs when amino acids are linked to form muscle protein during exercise)	86
9928771278	energy	the capacity to do work	87
9928771279	thermodynamics	study of energy transformations that occur in matter	88
9928771280	△G	symbol for change in free energy	89
9928771281	exergonic reaction	energy is released	90
9928771282	endergonic reaction	requires energy	91
9928771283	energy coupling	the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one	92
9928771284	ATP (adenosine triphosphate)	nitrogenous base (adenine) ribose chain of three phosphate groups	93
9928771285	ADP (adenosine diphosphate)	when atp transfers one phosphate group through hydrolysis it becomes adp	94
9928771286	catalysts	substances that can change the rate of a reaction without being altered	95
9928771287	active site	the part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate	96
9928771288	fermentation	partial degradation of sugars that occur without use of O2	97
9928771289	aerobic respiration	most efficient catabolic pathway - O2 is consumed as a reactant	98
9928771290	Cellular Respiration EQ	C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⥤ 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy	99
9928771291	oxidation	when a reactant loses one or more electrons and energy	100
9928771292	reduction	when a reactant gains one or more electrons and energy	101
9928771293	Glycolysis	- occurs in cytosol - glucose (6C) is broken down into two pyruvate molecules (3C) - produces: 2 ATP and 2 NADH	102
9928771294	Cellular Respiration 4 stages	1) Glycolysis 2) Pyruvate Oxidation 3) Krebs Cycle 4) Electron Transport Chain	103
9928771295	Pyruvate Oxidation	- pyruvate oxidized to acetyl CoA - this releases CO2 - this is a branching point - if cell doesn't have O2 then fermentation occurs, if cell does then krebs cycle occurs	104
9928771296	Krebs Cycle (aka Citric Acid Cycle)	- in mitochondrial matrix - releases CO2 as waste - glucose is broken down - step-wise catabolism of 6C citrate molecules - cycle happens twice for each glucose molecule - produces: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 FADH2	105
9928771297	Chemiosmosis	- energy-coupling mechanism that stores energy as an H+ gradient to drive cellular work - electron transport chain and chemiosmosis make up oxidative phosphorylation	106
9928771298	Anaerobic Respiration	used by prokaryotes to generate ATP without O2 using electron transport chain	107
9928771299	Fermentation	expansion of glycolysis where atp is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation	108
9928771300	Alcoholic Fermentation	pyruvate converted to ethanol, releasing CO2 and oxidizing NADH in the process to make more NAD+	109
9928771301	Lactic Acid Fermentation	pyruvate is reduced by NADH and lactate is formed as a waste product	110
9928771302	Stroma/Thylakoid/Chlorophyll/Granum	- Chloroplast is overall structure - Strome is space inside - Thylakoids are the connected sacs - Granum is a stack of thylakoids - Chlorophyll is located in the thylakoid membranes	111
9928771303	Stomata	tiny pores in leaf for CO2 to leave and O2 and H20 leave	112
9928771304	Photosynthesis	6CO2 + 6H20 + light ⥤ C6H12O6 + 6O2	113
9928771305	Photosynthesis 2 Stages	1) light reactions 2) Calvin cycle	114
9928771306	Light Reactions	- light-dependent reaction - convert solar energy to chemical energy - ATP and NADPH - electron transport chain - protein H+ gradient across inner membrane (PS I and PS II) - in thylakoid - H20 goes in and 02 comes out	115
9928771307	Calvin Cycle	- light-independent reactions - in stroma - carbon enters as CO2 and leaves as sugar	116
9928771308	Steps of Calvin Cycle	1) CO2 attaches to RuBP (5C molecule - enzyme rubisco catalyzes reaction) 2) this 6C unstable molecule breaks into PGA 3) ATP phosphorylates PGA, PGA is reduced by NADPH and forms G3P 4) 2 molcules of G3P bond to become one molecule of glucose 5) remaining G3P molecules are phosphorylated by ATP and are regenerated into RuBP	117
9928771309	Leading strand from ___ to ___	5' - 3'	118
9928771310	Lagging strand from ___ to ___	3' - 5'	119
9928771311	DNA Ligase	seals Okazaki fragments	120
9928771312	Transcription	the synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template	121
9928771313	Messenger RNA (mRNA)	carries genetic material to ribosome	122
9928771314	Translation	the production of a polypeptide chain using the mRNA transcripts (occurs in ribosome)	123
9928771315	RNA polymerase	enzyme that separates the 2 DNA strands and connects the RNA nucleotides along the the DNA template strand	124
9928771316	Codons	mRNA base triplets	125
9928771317	Promoter	the DNA sequence where the RNA polymerase attaches	126
9928771318	Terminator	the DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription	127
9928771319	Stages of Transcription	1) Initiation 2) Elongation 3) Termination	128
9928771320	5' cap and poly-A-tail	help mRNA leave nucleus, protects mRNA from degredation, facilitate attachments of mRNA to ribosome	129
9928771321	Introns	Part of mRNA that are spliced out through RNA splicing	130
9928771322	Exons	the sections that remain after RNA splicing	131
9928771323	Anticodon	codon on tRNA that binds with mRNA	132
9928771324	tRNA	transfers amino acids from a pool of amino acids in cytoplasm to ribosome	133
9928771325	point mutation	alteration of just one base pair	134
9928771326	missense mutation	amino acid the codon codes for is still the same	135
9928771327	nonsense mutation	amino acid changes to code for a stop codon	136
9928771328	3 parts of operon	1) operator to control access of RNA 2) promoter where RNA polymerase attaches 3) genes of operon	137
9928771329	restriction enzymes	used to cut strands of DNA at specific locations (restriction sites)	138
9928771330	Meiosis Interphase	chromosomes duplicate, replicating their DNA. centrosome also divides	139
9928771331	Meiosis I Prophase	-chromosomes condense, resulting in 2 sister chromatids attached at their centromeres -crossing over (synapsis) occurs (now have tetrads and chismatas) -spindle poles move away from each other, nuclear envelope goes away, spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores on chroms.	140
9928771332	Meiosis I Metaphase	-lined up at metaphase plate	141
9928771333	Meiosis I Anaphase	-spindle apparatus helps to move chroms to opposite ends of cell -sister chroms stay connected, homologous chroms separate	142
9928771334	Meiosis I Telophase and Cytokinesis	-each pole has haploid set of chroms, each chrom consisting of 2 sister chromatids -cleavage furrow forms in animals, cell plates in plant cells -daughter cells are now haploid	143
9928771335	Meiosis II Prophase	-spindle apparatus forms -sister chroms move toward metaphase plate	144
9928771336	Meiosis II Metaphase	-haploid number of chroms. is now arrayed on metaphase plate -kinetochores of each sister chromatid are attached to microtubules from opposite poles	145
9928771337	Meiosis II Anaphase	-centromeres of sister chromatids separate and individual chroms move to opposite ends	146
9928771338	Meiosis II Telophase and Cytokinesis	-nuclei reappear -each 4 daughter cells has haploid number of chroms	147
9928771339	Meiosis vs Mitosis	-synapsis doesn't occur during mitosis -tetrads at metaphase plate rather than individual chroms like in mitosis -in miosis duplicated homo. chroms separate but sister chroms. stay attached. in mitosis, the chromatids separate	148
9928771340	Complete dominance	when the heterozygote and homosygote for the dominant allele are the same ex: Yy and YY are both equally yellow	149
9928771341	Codominance	occurs when 2 alleles are dominant and affect the phenotype in two different, equal ways ex: blood types - A and B are dominant to O but A and B are codominant to each other	150
9928771342	Incomplete Dominance	where Fi hybrids have an appearance in between that of 2 parents ex: red flower and white flower breed and make pink	151
9928771343	Polyploidy	having more that two complete sets of chroms. (rare in animals, frequent in plants)	152
9928771344	Chromosome Deletion	when chrom. fragment is lost (missing genes)	153
9928771345	Chromosome Duplicaiton	when chrom. segment is repeated	154
9928771346	Chromosome Inversion	when chrom. fragment breaks off and reattaches backward	155
9928771347	Chromosome Translocation	when chrom. fragments breaks off and reattaches on a nonhomologous chrom.	156
9928771348	p + q = 1	p= frequency of dominant alleles in pop. q= frequency of recessive alleles in pop.	157
9928771349	p^2+2pq+q^2=1	p^2= frequency of homo. dominant individuals q^2= frequency of homo. recessive individuals 2pq= frequency of heterozygous individuals	158
9928771350	antibody	a blood protein produced in response to antigen	159
9928771351	antigen	a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body	160
9928771352	b-cell	a lymphocyte responsible for producing antibodies	161
9928771353	cell-mediated immunity	an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but involves the activation of phagocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and cytokines in response to an antigen	162
9928771354	cell communication	the process by which a cell detects and responds to signals in its environment	163
9928771355	cyclic AMP (cAMP)	lays a major role in controlling many enzyme-catalyzed processes	164
9928771356	cytotoxic t-cell (killer t-cells)	is a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected (particularly with viruses), or cells that damaged in other ways	165
9928771357	g-protein linked receptor	detect molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal	166
9928771358	helper t-cell	a T cell that influences or controls the differentiation or activity of other cells of the immune system	167
9928771359	hormone	a regulatory substance produced in an organism (transported in tissue fluids such as blood) to stimulate specific cells into action	168
9928771360	humoral immunity	aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids (body fluids) such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides	169
9928771361	inducer	a molecule that regulates gene expression. An inducer can bind to protein repressors or activators. Inducers function by disabling repressors. The gene is expressed because an inducer binds to the repressor	170
9928771362	lytic cycle	one of the two cycles of viral reproduction, the other being the lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane.	171
9928771363	operon	a segment of DNA to which a transcription factor binds to regulate gene expression by repressing it. Repressors bind to operators to prevent transcription	172
9928771364	phagocyte	cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign invaders	173
9928771365	phosphorylation cascade	a sequence of events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins	174
9928771366	protein kinase	a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation)	175
9928771367	receptor	A molecular structure or site on the surface or interior of a cell that binds with substances such as hormones, antigens, drugs, or neurotransmitters	176
9928771368	repressor	a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator	177
9928771369	signal transduction	A set of chemical reactions in a cell that occurs when a molecule, such as a hormone, attaches to a receptor on the cell membrane	178
9928771370	transcription factor	is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence	179
9928771371	virus	an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat and is able to live only within the living cells of a host	180
9928771372	function of enzymes	catalysts for biochemical reactions. They speed up reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy.	181
9928771373	Lyell	idea that shaping of earth took place over long period of time (earth must be very old)	182
9928771374	Lamarck	characteristics acquired during organisms lifetime is passed down to offspring (ex: giraffe necks) and body parts that are used grow strong those that don't deteriorate	183
9928771375	homologous structures	anatomical signs of evolution (ex: arms in bats, whales, humans)	184
9928771376	vestigial organs	organs that have no importance to body (ex: pelvic bone in snake, whale)	185
9928771377	convergent evolution	explains why distantly related species resemble one another. evolved from similar environments but not similar ancestors (ex: dolphins and fish)	186
9928771378	endemic species	found at certain geographic locations and nowhere else	187
9928771379	gene pool	all of the alleles at all loci in all members of a population	188
9928771380	5 conditions for H-W Equilibrium	1. no mutations 2. random mating 3. no natural selection 4. population must be large 5. no gene flow (emigration, immigration...)	189
9928771381	founder effect (genetic drift)	a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and establish new one	190
9928771382	bottleneck effect (genetic drift)	sudden change in environment (natural disaster) that reduces pop.	191
9928771383	directional selection	extreme phenotype favored over others	192
9928771384	disruptive selection	2 extreme values favored over middle	193
9928771385	stabilizing selection	favors intermediate values	194
9928771386	speciation	process by which new species arise	195
9928771387	microevolution	change in genetic makeup of a pop from gen. to gen.	196
9928771388	macroevoltuon	broad pattern of evolutionary change above species levels	197
9928771389	biological species concept	defines a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce offspring, but cannot produce offspring with other species	198
9928771390	Habitat isolation (prezygotic)	two species live in same area but not same habitat (ex: one wrong lives in tree, one on ground)	199
9928771391	Behavioral Isolation (prezygotic)	signals to attract mates that are unique to their species	200
9928771392	Temporal Isolation (prezygotic)	species breed at different times of day/seasons/years (ex: flowers in spring only vs. fall only)	201
9928771393	Mechanical Isolation (prezygotic)	species are anatomically incompatible (ex: ant and horse)	202
9928771394	Gamete Isolation (prezygotic)	gametes are unable to fuse to form a zygote (ex: dog and bunny)	203
9928771395	Reduces hybrid viability (postzygotic)	when zygote is formed, genetic incompatibility causes development to cease	204
9928771396	reduced hybrid fertility (postzygotic)	even if offspring is produced, reproduction isolation still occurs if offspring is sterile	205
9928771397	hybrid breakdown (postzygotic)	two species mate and have viable offsprings but offspring is weak/sterile	206
9928771398	allopatric speciation	a population is separated and two different species are formed	207
9928771399	sympatric speciation	small part of pop. forms new species without being geographically isolated (ex: polyploidy plant)	208
9928771400	adaptive radiation	occurs when many new species arise from one common ancestor	209
9928771401	gradualism	species descended from common ancestor and gradually change	210
9928771402	punctuated equilibruim	periods of stasis punctuated by sudden change	211
9928771403	oligotrophic lakes	deep lakes, nutrient poor and oxygen rich- contain sparse phytoplankton	212
9928771404	eutrophic lakes	shallow, high nutrition content and low oxygen content - lots of phytoplankton	213
9928771405	biotic factors	behaviors and interactions of species	214
9928771406	abiotic factors	environment, climate, non-living factors	215
9928771407	k-selection	-late reproduction -few offspring -invest in raising offspring -logistic growth	216
9928771408	r-selection	-early reproduction -many offspring -little parental care -expontential growth	217
9928771409	Competition (-/-)	when resources are short in supply	218
9928771410	Predation (+/-)	one species is predator and one is prey	219
9928771411	cryptic coloration	animal is camoflaged by its coloring	220
9928771412	aposematic (warning coloration)	poisonous animal is brightly colored to warn other animals	221
9928771413	batesian mimicry	harmless species mimics harmful species	222
9928771414	mullerian mimicry	two bad-tasting species mimic each other so predators avoid them both equally	223
9928771415	Symbiosis	when individuals of two or more species live in direct contact with one another	224
9928771416	Parasitism (+/-)	parasite derives nutrients from host	225
9928771417	Mutualism (+/+)	benefits both species (ex: bees and flowers0	226
9928771418	Commensalism (+/0)	benefits one species and neither helps nor hurts another (ex: fern growing in shade of another plant)	227
9928771419	biomass	(sum weight of all members of a pop.)	228
9928771420	primary production	amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs	229
9928771421	gross primary production	total primary production in ecosystem	230
9928771422	net primary production	gpp - respiration	231
9928771423	eutrophic	a lake that is nutrient rich and supports a vast amount of algae	232
9928771424	nitrification	ammonium (NH4+) is oxidized to nitrite and then nitrate by bacteria	233
9928771425	dentrification	releases nitrogen to atmosphere by bacteria	234
9928771426	bioremediation	use of organisms to detoxify polluted ecosystem	235
9928771427	osmosis	movement of water from high concentration to low concentration through selectively permeable membrane	236