AP Review - Cells Flashcards

13531521362	active transport	Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient	0
13531539648	amphipathic	having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region	1
13531548160	apoptosis	programmed cell death	2
13531559539	aquaporin	A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins.	3
13531566335	axon	A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.	4
13531570699	carrier protein	a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane	5
13531573136	cell wall	A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.	6
13531578018	centrioles	Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only	7
13531580947	channel protein	A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that has a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or atomic ions use as a tunnel.	8
13531584353	chloroplast	An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs	9
13531587960	concentration gradient	A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.	10
13531591577	cytoplasm	A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended	11
13531594950	cytoskeleton	A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement	12
13531597340	dendrites	Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.	13
13531604382	Depolarization	The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.	14
13531608140	diffusion	Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.	15
13531610980	endocytosis	process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane	16
13531614384	endoplasmic riticulum	An organelle that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.	17
13531622783	Golgi apparatus	stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	18
13531625945	hypertonic	when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes	19
13531630607	hypotonic	when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes	20
13531633232	isotonic	when the concentration of two solutions is the same	21
13531637707	ligand	A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.	22
13531641997	lysosome	cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell	23
13531644713	membrane	phospholipid bilayer that surrounds cells and organelles	24
13531657048	mitochondrion	Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use	25
13531660739	neuron	a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.	26
13531664807	neurotransmitter	chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons	27
13531695886	nuclear envelope	layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell	28
13531702696	phospholipid	a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes	29
13531709895	plasma membrane	A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells	30
13531714438	plasmolysis	Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water	31
13531719520	Polarization of neuron	Unstimulated neuron is polarized, having more electrical charge outside than inside Established by maintaining excess Na+ ions on the outside and excess K+ ions on the inside Other large, negatively charged proteins and nucleic acid play a key role in maintaining the overall negative charge inside the neuron	32
13531742115	prokaryotic cell	cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.	33
13531760724	Repolarization	Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.	34
13531763952	ribosome	site of protein synthesis	35
13531767884	rough ER	That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.	36
13531771996	selectively permeable	a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot	37
13531776269	smooth ER	That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes; makes lipids	38
13531780999	synapse	the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron	39
13531784705	exocytosis	a process by which the contents in a cell are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.	40
13531789644	eukaryotic cell	cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles	41
13531794371	facilitated diffusion	Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes down their concentration gradient through protein channels	42
13531800732	flagella	whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement	43
13531815295	fluid mosaic model	The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.	44
13531818012	nucleus	A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction	45
13531820731	organelles	A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell	46
13531823796	osmosis	Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane	47
13531828503	passive transport	the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell	48
13531835903	phagocytosis	A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells	49
13531839746	surface area to volume ratio	a variable that decreases as cells grow, so that it sets a limit to the size of cells.	50
13531842845	transmembrane protein	An integral membrane protein that spans the phospholipid bilayer.	51
13531846829	vacuole	Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates	52