Anatomy and Physiology test 1 Flashcards

14217642602	Define Anatomy	study of the structure of body parts and their relationship	0
14217642603	What are the subdivisions of anatomy? (5)	Regional Systematic Surface Cytology histology	1
14217642604	What is regional anatomy?	all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time	2
14217642605	What is systematic anatomy?	When the body structure is studied system by system	3
14217642606	What is surface anatomy?	the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface	4
14217642607	What is cytology?	studies and considers the calls of the body	5
14217642608	What is histology?	study of tissues	6
14217642609	Define physiology	study of the function of the body	7
14217642610	What is the principle of complementary?	Anatomy and physiology are inseparable Function always reflects structure What a structure can do depends on its specific form	8
14217642611	What is the anatomical position?	The body is erect, the feet are slightly apart, the head is held high, and the palms of the hands are facing forward, thumbs away from the body	9
14217642612	Superior (cranial)	toward the head	10
14217642613	Inferior (caudal)	away from the head	11
14217642614	ventral (anterior)	toward or at the front of the body	12
14217642615	Dorsal (posterior)	Toward or at the back of the body	13
14217642616	Medial	toward the midline	14
14217642617	lateral	away from the midline	15
14217642618	intermediate	between a more medial and a more lateral structure	16
14217642619	proximal	Closer to the point of attachment	17
14217642620	Distal	away from the point of attachment	18
14217642621	Superficial (external)	toward or at the body surface	19
14217642622	Deep (internal)	away from the body surface	20
14217642623	abdominal	anterior body trunk inferior to ribs	21
14217642624	acromial	point of shoulder	22
14217642846	antebrachial		23
14217642847	antecubital		24
14217642625	axillary	armpit	25
14217642626	brachial	arm	26
14217642627	buccal	cheek	27
14217642628	carpal	wrist	28
14217642629	cervical	neck	29
14217642630	coxal	hip	30
14217642631	crural	leg	31
14217642632	digital	fingers, toes	32
14217642633	femoral	thigh	33
14217642634	fibular	side of leg	34
14217642635	hallux	big toe	35
14217642636	inguinal	groin	36
14217642637	mammory	breast	37
14217642638	manus	hand	38
14217642639	nasal	nose	39
14217642640	oral	mouth	40
14217642641	orbital	eye cavity	41
14217642642	patellar	knee cap	42
14217642643	pelvic	pelvis region	43
14217642644	pollex	thumb	44
14217642645	pubic	genital region	45
14217642646	sternal	breastbone	46
14217642647	tarsal	ankle	47
14217642648	thoracic	chest	48
14217642649	umbilical	navel	49
14217642650	calcaneal	heel	50
14217642651	Cephalic	head	51
14217642652	gluteal	rump	52
14217642653	lumbar	between ribs and hips	53
14217642654	occipital	posterior surface of head	54
14217642655	olecranal	back of elbow	55
14217642656	otic	ear	56
14217642657	popliteal	back of knee	57
14217642658	sacral	between hips	58
14217642659	scapular	shoulder blade	59
14217642660	sural	calf	60
14217642661	vertebral	spinal column	61
14217642662	frontal (coronal)	vertical divides into anterior and posterior parts	62
14217642663	Sagittal (Midsagittal/parasagittal)	vertical divides into right and left parts	63
14217642664	transverse (horizontal)	horizontally into superior and inferior parts	64
14217642665	Dorsal cavity	protects nervous system subdivisions: cranial cavity and vertebral cavity	65
14217642666	Ventral Cavity	Houses internal organs subdivisions: -pleural cavities (lungs -mediastinum: contains pericardial cavity w/ heart and surrounds remaining thoracic organs: esophagus and trachea -abdominal pelvic cavity	66
14217642667	Membranes in the ventral body cavity	-Serous membrane or serosa --Thin, double-layered membranes ---Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls ---Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera) -Layers separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid --Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane	67
14217642668	Examples of serous membranes	pleura, pericardium, peritoneum	68
14217642669	right upper quadrant	liver gallbladder duodenum head of pancreas right adrenal gland upper lobe of right kidney hepatic flexure of colon section of ascending colon section of transverse colon	69
14217642670	right lower quadrant	Lower lobe of left kidney cecum appendix right ovary right fallopian tube right ureter right spermatic cord section of ascending colon part of uterus if enlarged	70
14217642671	left upper quadrant	left lobe of liver spleen upper lobe of left kidney stomach left adrenal gland pancreas splenic flexure of colon section of transverse colon section of descending colon	71
14217642672	left lower quadrant	Part of descending colon Sigmoid colon Left ovary left fallopian tube Left ureter Left spermatic cord lower lobe of left kidney part of uterus if enlarged	72
14217642848	abdominopelvic regions		73
14217642673	Levels of Structural Organization	chemical: atoms, molecules and organelles cellular: cells tissue: groups of cells organ: contains 2 or more types of tissue organ system: organs that work closely together organismal: all organ systems	74
14217642674	Necessary Life Functions	1. Maintaining boundaries 2. Movement 3. Responsiveness 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism 6. Excretion 7. Reproduction * 8. Growth	75
14217642675	Interdependence of body cells	Humans are multicellular To function, must keep individual cells alive All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs	76
14217642676	requirements for human life	oxygen nutrients water normal body temp appropriate atmospheric pressure (box)	77
14217642677	Define homestasis	steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain	78
14217642678	Components of a Control Mechanism	receptor, control center, effector	79
14217642679	receptor	monitors environment and responds to stimuli (change in temp)	80
14217642680	control center	determines the set point at which the variable is maintained receives input from receptor and determines appropriate response (thermostat, room temp is controlled variable)	81
14217642681	Effector	provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus receives output from the control center response is produced based on the feed back loop	82
14217642682	negative feedback	produces a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range	83
14217642683	positive feedback	will cause change in the variable in the same direction as the initial change	84
14217642684	What could be the result of homeostatic imbalance in body?	increase risk of disease	85
14217642685	What are the main systems of the human body? (11)	lymphatic integumentary endocrine reproductive urinary cardiovascular respiratory skeletal muscular nervous digestive	86
14217642686	lymphatic system	-picks up fluids leaked from the capillaries -supports immune systems: houses white blood cells	87
14217642687	Integumentary system	protects organs from injury and helps regulate body temp	88
14217642688	Skeletal system	Protects and supports body organs provides a framework the muscles use to support movement levers for muscular action	89
14217642689	Muscular System	contract and shorten in order to move and generate heat	90
14217642690	nervous system	Allows the body to sense and respond to its environment; helps maintain homeostasis.	91
14217642691	Endocrine system	promotes growth and development produces hormones helps regulate long term homeostasis	92
14217642692	cardiovascular system	Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. protects with blood clots, antibodies and other protein molecules	93
14217642693	respiratory system	Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.	94
14217642694	digestive system	Breaks down food into smaller molecules. Absorbs these nutrients into the body.	95
14217642695	urinary system	Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.	96
14217642696	Male and Female Reproductive System	Overall function is the production of offspring.	97
14217642697	Explain the cell theory	1. all organisms are made up of basic living units called cells. 2. all cells come from pre-existing cells 3. cell is the basic unit of life	98
14217642698	Describe cell diversity	Over 200 different types of human cells differ in size, shape, subcellular components and functions	99
14217642699	Identify and explain the parts of the generalized cell	plasma membrane cytoplasm nucleus all cells have some common structures and functions	100
14217642700	Define plasma membrane	A selectively permeable membrane, which encloses the cell. Also known as a cell membrane. - The plasma membrane is called a Phospholipid bilayer because the structure is composed of TWO layers of phospholipids.	101
14217642701	What are the 3 membrane lipids?	75% phospholipids 5% glycolipids 20% cholesterol	102
14217642702	What is the structure of a phospholipid?	glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic head	103
14217642703	Types of membrane proteins	integral proteins and peripheral proteins	104
14217642704	integral proteins	penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer	105
14217642705	peripheral proteins	bound to the surface of the membrane	106
14217642706	6 functions of membrane proteins	1. Transport 2. Receptors for signal transduction 3. Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix 4. Enzymatic activity 5. Intercellular joining 6. Cell-cell recognition	107
14217642707	What are the 3 types of cell junctions	1. tight junctions 2. desmosomes 3. gap junctions	108
14217642708	tight junctions	Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid	109
14217642709	Desmosomes	Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart	110
14217642710	gap junctions	provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells	111
14217642711	2 types of cytoplasmic organelles	membranous and nonmembranous	112
14217642712	membranous organelles	mitochondria nucleus endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus lysosomes peroxisomes	113
14217642713	nonmembranous organelles	ribosomes cytoskeleton centrioles	114
14217642714	Define mitochondria	Powerhouse of the cell it has a double membrane and produces energy	115
14217642715	Define ribosomes	site of protein synthesis	116
14217642716	Define endoplasmic reticulum	internal membrane system where lipid components of cell membranes are made	117
14217642717	Define smooth endoplasmic reticulum	steroid and lipid synthesis lipid metabolism drug detoxification NO protein synthesis related function	118
14217642718	Define Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	Rough ER membranes are studded with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.	119
14217642719	Define Golgi Apparatus	Stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for storage or release	120
14217642720	Define peroxisomes	A cell organelle containing enzymes that catalyze the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide	121
14217642721	Define lysosomes	organelle that breaks down organelles that are no longer useful	122
14217642722	Define cytoskeleton	Network of protein fibers that help the cell maintain its shape and allow it to move	123
14217642723	Define microfilaments	A type of cytoskeleton -helps support the cell and give it shape	124
14217642724	Define intermediate filaments	cables made of fibrous protein. anchor organelles - relatively permanent attach to desomosomes most stable and permanent of cytoskeleton filaments	125
14217642725	Define microtubules	long, hollow cylinders made of tubulin determine overall shape of cell and distribution of organelles	126
14217642726	Define centrioles and centrosomes	centrioles: cylinders, paired, right angles centrosomes: cytoplasm/matrix that surrounds centrioles	127
14217642727	Cellular Extensions	Cilia, Flagella and Microvilli	128
14217642728	cilia	Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion	129
14217642729	Flagella	whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement	130
14217642730	Microvilli	projections that increase the cell's surface area	131
14217642731	3 structures of the nucleus	nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin	132
14217642732	define nuclear envelope	double membrane that surrounds the nucleus	133
14217642733	Define nucleoli	sight of protein synthesis within the nucleus	134
14217642734	Define Chromatin	Complex of DNA and protein molecules.	135
14217642735	Smooth ER clinical connection	Repeated exposure to certain drugs can increase the amount of smooth ER and enzymes because the smooth ER is the sight of detox	136
14217642736	passive transport	the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell	137
14217642737	active transport	Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference	138
14217642738	passive transport processes	Diffusion -simple diffusion -facilitated diffusion -osmosis Filtration	139
14217642739	active transport processes	exocytosis, endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis	140
14217642740	Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion	Molecule binds to specific protein that changes shape to carry molecule across the plasma membrane	141
14217642741	Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion	through a channel protein; mostly ions selected on basis of size and charge	142
14217642742	Define osmosis	diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane	143
14217642743	Define tonicity	the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water	144
14217642744	Isotonic	when the concentration of two solutions is the same	145
14217642745	hypotonic	Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution	146
14217642746	Hypertonic	Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.	147
14217642747	What happens to red blood cell in isotonic solution?	Net movement of water: inside to outside Cell size: stay same	148
14217642748	What happens to red blood cell in hypotonic solution?	net movement: outside to inside cell size: swell/burst	149
14217642749	What happens to red blood cell in hypertonic solution?	net movement: inside to outside cell size: shrink	150
14217642750	2 types of active processes:	1. active transport 2. vesicular transport	151
14217642751	Define active transport	Movement across cell membrane--from low to high concentration--requires energy	152
14217642752	Define vesicular transport	Transport of large particles, macromolecules and fluids across membranous sacs called vesicles requires ATP involves formation of protein coated vesicles	153
14217642753	2 types of Active transport	primary active transport secondary active transport	154
14217642754	define primary active transport	energy from hydrolysis of ATP causes shape change in transport protein that "pumps" solutes (ions) across membrane	155
14217642755	secondary active transport	energy is stored in a concentration gradient and used to "drive" other substances across a membrane against their own concentration gradient	156
14217642756	Define sodium-potassium pump	Carrier protein in the plasma membrane that moves sodium ions out of cells and potassium ions into cells; 3 sodium out of and 2 potassium ions into	157
14217642757	What type of solution can be used to treat patients with edema?	hypertonic solution because it relieves fluid overload by causing osmosis of water from interstitial fluid into the blood	158
14217642758	What type of solution can be sued to treat patients with dehydration?	Hypotonic solution because the water from the hypotonic solution moves from the blood into interstitial fluid and then into body cells to rehydrate them.	159
14217642759	Define tissues	group of similar cells that performs a specialized function	160
14217642760	Define histology	study of tissues	161
14217642761	What are the four main tissue types?	epithelial connective muscle nervous	162
14217642762	What is the general purpose of epithelial tissue?	form boundaries	163
14217642763	What is the general purpose of connective tissue?	bind and support protect insulate store reserve fuel transport substances (blood)	164
14217642764	What is the general purpose of muscle tissue?	responsible for most types of movement	165
14217642765	What is the general purpose of nervous tissue?	regulates and controls body functions	166
14217642766	examples of epithelial tissue	epidermis inner lining of digestive tract liver other glands	167
14217642767	Examples of connective tissue	bone cartilage tendons ligaments adipose tissue blood	168
14217642768	Examples of muscle tissue	skeletal cardiac smooth	169
14217642769	Examples of nervous tissue	brain spinal cord nerves	170
14217642770	What are the names of the embryonic germ layer?	ectoderm mesoderm endoderm	171
14217642771	what embryonic germ layer produces what tissue?	ectoderm: epithelial mesoderm: connective endoderm: epithelial	172
14217642772	What do epithelial tissues do?	form the boundaries that separate us from the outside world	173
14217642773	What are the 2 main types of epithelial tissue?	glandular and membranous	174
14217642774	What are the functions of epithelial tissues?	protection absorption filtration secretion	175
14217642775	What are the 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue?	specialized contacts polarity supported by connective tissue avascular, but not innervated can regenerate	176
14217642776	specialized contacts	cells joined by special junctions	177
14217642777	Polarity example	Molecules having uneven distribution of charges intestines	178
14217642778	Avascular epithelial tissue	without a blood supply 1. Epidermis	179
14217642779	apical	top	180
14217642780	basal	bottom	181
14217642781	What is the basement membrane? composted of?	reinforces epithelial sheet and defines epithelial boundary composed of: basal lamina and reticular lamina	182
14217642782	basal lamina vs reticular lamina	basal: glycoproteins and collagen fibers adhesive sheet selective filter scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair reticular: deep to basal network of collagen fibers	183
14217642783	How are epithelial tissues classified?	shape and number of layers	184
14217642784	simple vs stratified	single vs multiple layers	185
14217642785	What does the shape of the cell tell us?	location of nucleus	186
14217642786	Squamous	flat	187
14217642787	Cuboidal	cube shaped	188
14217642788	columnar	column shaped	189
14217642789	Define gland	one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product	190
14217642790	Define endocrine glands	internally secreting	191
14217642791	Define exocrine glands	externally secreting	192
14217642792	define unicellular glands	mucous cells and goblet cells produce mucin dissolves in water to form mucous found in epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts	193
14217642793	Define multicellular glands	composed of a duct and secretory unit usually surrounded by supportive connective tissue supplies blood and nerve fibers	194
14217642794	What is a goblet cell?	a column-shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus.	195
14217642795	How are multicellular exocrine glands classified?	structure and mode of secretion	196
14217642796	What are the modes of secretion for multicellular glands?	merocrine: secretes by exocytosis (cells stays in tact) holocrine: cell ruptures apocrine: between the 2 only top layer ruptures	197
14217642797	what are the two types of structures for multicellular glands?	duct and secretory	198
14217642798	Duct Structure	Simple: One duct Compound: must divide into two or more ducts	199
14217642799	Secretory structures	tubular alveolar tubuloalveolar	200
14217642800	examples of duct and secretory structures	simple tubular: intestinal gland simple branched tubular: stomach glands compound tubular: duodenal glands simple alveolar: no important ones in humans simple branched alveolar: sebaceous glands compound alveolar: mammary glands compound tubuloalveolar: salivary glands	201
14217642801	4 main classes of connective tissue	1. connective tissue proper 2. cartilage 3. bone 4. blood	202
14217642802	What are the 2 basic elements of connective tissue?	extracellular matrix connective tissue cells	203
14217642803	Define extracellular matrix	Non-living material that surrounds living cells	204
14217642804	Major Functions of Connective Tissue	binding and support protecting insulating storing reserve fuel transporting substances (blood)	205
14217642805	What is the ground substance?	unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers	206
14217642806	3 different types of connective tissue fibers	collagen elastic fibers reticular	207
14217642807	Define collagen fibers	strongest and most abundant type provides high tensile strength	208
14217642808	define elastic fibers	networks of long, thin, elastin fibers allow for stretch and recoil	209
14217642809	Define reticular fibers	short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers	210
14217642810	What are the cells of the connective tissue?	Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, leukocytes, adipose cells	211
14217642811	What is connective tissue proper?	all connective tissues except bone, cartilage, and blood	212
14217642812	subclasses of connective tissue proper	1. Loose connective tissue 2. Dense connective tissue	213
14217642813	loose connective tissue	areolar, adipose, reticular	214
14217642814	dense connective tissue	regular, irregular, elastic	215
14217642815	areolar connective tissue	soft packaging material that cushions and protects body organs	216
14217642816	adipose connective tissue	acts as a storage depot for fat	217
14217642817	reticular connective tissue	forms supporting tissue in walls of liver and spleen	218
14217642818	dense regular connective tissue	tendons and ligaments	219
14217642819	dense irregular connective tissue	Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength Location: fibrous capsules of organs and joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract	220
14217642820	dense elastic connective tissue	abundant elastic fibers among collagen fibers	221
14217642821	3 types of cartilage	hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage	222
14217642822	hyaline cartilage	description: no specific shape but firm matrix function: supports and reinforce, resilient cushion location: costal cartilage of ribs	223
14217642823	elastic cartilage	description: no specific shape but firm matrix function: maintains shape while allowing flexibility location: ear	224
14217642824	Fibrocartilage	description: no specific shape but firm matrix function: absorb compressive shock location intervertebral discs	225
14217642825	Define the connective tissue bone	description: hard calcified matrix osteoblasts produce the matrix osteocytes lie in lacunae and maintain matrix well vascularized function: supports and protects bony structures/ organs, provides levers for muscles to produce movement location: bones of human	226
14217642826	blood	description: red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma) function: transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wasted and other substances location: within vessels	227
14217642827	Muscle tissue	responsible for movement	228
14217642828	3 types of muscle tissue	skeletal, cardiac, smooth	229
14217642829	skeletal muscle tissue	Description: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations Function: Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control Location: In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin	230
14217642830	cardiac muscle tissue	Description: Branching striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs) Function: as it contracts it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control Location: the walls of the heart	231
14217642831	smooth muscle tissue	DESCRIPTION: shorter cells, single, central nucleus FUNCTION: involuntary movements of internal organs LOCATION: walls of hollow internal organs	232
14217642832	What is nervous tissue?	the main tissue component of the two parts of the nervous system	233
14217642833	2 types of nervous tissue	neurons and neuroglia	234
14217642834	function and location of nervous tissue	Function: transmit electrical signals Location: brain, spinal cord, nerves	235
14217642835	Regenerative Capacity in Different Tissues	-Regenerate extremely well: Epithelial tissues bone areolar connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue blood-forming tissue -Moderate regenerating capacity: Smooth muscle dense regular connective tissue -Virtually no functional regenerative capacity Cardiac muscle nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord	236
14217642836	What is a membrane?	flat sheets of flexible tissue that cover or line a body structure	237
14217642837	2 main types of tissue membranes	connective and epithelial	238
14217642838	epithelial membranes	cutaneous, mucous, serous	239
14217642839	connective membrane	synovial	240
14217642840	Where are synovial membranes found?	joint cavities	241
14217642841	Where are cutaneous membranes found?	skin	242
14217642842	What are mucous membranes opened/closed to?	open to exterior	243
14217642843	What are serous membranes opened/closed to?	closed to exterior	244
14217642844	The pap test test what type of epithelial tissue of the vagina and cervix?	nonkeratinized stratified squamous	245
14217642845	does the pap test collect the cells of the apical or basal layer?	apical	246