Chapter 12 B.F. Skinner Flashcards

13762278298	Behaviorism	the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes	0
13762283728	What is the driving force of behaviorism	the environment	1
13762290488	Internal forces can be measured	false	2
13762299380	Two types of behavior	Respondents and operants	3
13762305728	Respondent	Reflexes (S-R) Pavlovian (S-S) Extinction (unlearning)	4
13762347709	Operant	Active learning (R-S) Reciprocal nature with environment (two kinds)	5
13762368715	Two forms of reciprocal nature with environment	reinforcement and punishment	6
13762375403	How were his parents	strict	7
13762384759	How was Skinner's childhood	Fear of punishment (God, the law, others reactions) Interest in machinery Had many pets	8
13762400269	What was associated with his identity crisis	Lost in career Lost in love Devoted to science	9
13762405246	Pioneer in school of	behaviorism	10
13762419832	Classification of operant learning	reinforcement and punishment	11
13762431535	Reinforcement	strengthens behavior	12
13762431536	punishment	weakens behavior	13
13762442903	Positive reinforcement	Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food	14
13762447850	Negative reinforcement	Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)	15
13762456675	Positive punishment	addition of something unpleasant	16
13762464557	Negative punishment	the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior	17
13762480303	positive and negative reinforcers can be	Primary: biologically driven Secondary: psychologically driven	18
13762496029	Primary	Very effective, lose strength over time	19
13762501186	Secondary	Weaker, can be used more over time	20
13762512214	Lack of reinforcement with behavior will produce	Extinction (like classical conditioning)	21
13762524873	Steps of reinforcement	Shaping Chaining	22
13762524874	Shaping	gradual reinforcement to gain desired behavior	23
13762549506	Chaining	multiple series of behavior become functional units	24
13762581077	Immediate vs delayed reinforcement (initial)	Animals: closer to consequences to reward, more likely reinforcement will occur Humans: more likely to respond to delayed reinforcement	25
13762598200	Schedules of reinforcement	Fixed-ratio schedules Variable-ratio schedules Fixed-interval schedules Variable-interval schedules	26
13762616581	Fixed-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a SPECIFIED NUMBER of responses	27
13762632962	Variable-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an UNPREDICTED NUMBER of responses	28
13762641972	Fixed-interval schedule	In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response ONLY AFTER A SPECIFIED TIME HAS ELAPSED	29
13762660314	Variable-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at UNPREDICTED TIME INTERVALS	30
13762673461	Behavioral characteristics	Superstition Creativity Neuroticism Helplessness	31
13762699865	Types of behavioral modification	Self-control Control of others	32
13762704533	Self-control	Stimulus avoidance Self-administered satiation Aversive stimulation technique Self-reinforcement	33
13762717379	Control of others	Applied behavioral analysis Token economy	34
13764321401	Token economy	Constant good behavior (green stars), kid gets prize	35
13762916428	free will vs determinism	determinism	36
13762916429	nature vs nurture	nurture	37
13762920484	past vs present	both	38
13762925388	uniqueness vs universality	uniqueness	39
13762944233	equilibrium vs growth	both	40
13762969915	optimism vs pessimism	optimism	41
13763004059	Assessment of Skinner must be	meaasurable	42
13763004060	Functional analysis (ABCs)	A- antecedent, unwanted behavior, influenced behavior B- target behavior, therapist is trying to get rid of (get measured) C- consequences, what can happen after the behavior	43
13763024249	Assessment techniques	Direct observation Self reports (sign vs sample) Physiological correlates Neurological correlates (post skinner)	44
13763046113	sign-versus-sample approach	The sign approach is used to assess personality while the sample approach is used to assess behavior	45
13764358285	sign-versus-sample example	Sign: response "I'm fine" Sample: gives example what happened	46
13764405448	Reverse experimental design	A: control B: Treatment or change in environment A: Control B: Treatment of change in environment (twice bc normal behavior should go back, see if behavior returns)	47
13764432848	independent variable	environment	48
13764439123	dependent variable	behavior	49
13764450136	Instinctive drift	environment and genetics change so Skinners results with animals are different than what they are now	50