AP World History: Module 9 PK Flashcards

11591399314	Horse Collar	Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles	0
11591399315	Bubonic Plague	A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing; has a high mortality rate and it is difficult to prevent its spread	1
11591399316	Tropics	Equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn; characterized by hot or warm temperatures year-round	2
11591399317	Monsoons	Seasonal winds in the Indian Ocean caused by differences in temperature	3
11591399318	Dhows	Characteristic cargo and passenger ships of the Arabic Sea	4
11591399319	Grand Canal	Series of manmade waterways that connected the major rivers and made it possible for China to increase the amount and variety of internal trade; about 1240 miles long	5
11591399320	Moldboard	A plow that allowed deeper turning of the soil	6
11591399321	Agricultural Revolution	Adapted techniques and inventions that greatly increased crop production; perfected the three-field system; new inventions were watermills, horses, horse harnesses	7
11591399322	Bantu Migrations	Originated in what is now Nigeria and Cameroon; spread south and by 1000CE they occupied most of Africa south of the equator	8
11591399323	Ka'ba	A cubical shrine with idols inside; typically found in Islam	9
11591399324	Muhammad	Arab prophet; founder of the religion of Islam	10
11591399325	Allah	God in Arabic	11
11591399326	Muslim	An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who "submits" to the will of God	12
11591399327	Islam	Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran; calls on all people to recognize one creator god (Allah) who rewards or punishes believers after death according to how they led their lives	13
11591399328	Umma	The community of all Muslims; where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community	14
11591399329	Five Pillars	1) avowal that there is only one god and Muhammad is his messenger 2) prayer five times a day 3) fasting during the lunar month of Ramadan 4) paying alms 5) making the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one's lifetime	15
11591399330	Quran	Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between around 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam	16
11591399331	Shi'ites	Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali; state religion of Iran	17
11591399332	Sunnis	Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership; majority religion in most Islamic countries	18
11591399333	Papacy	The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head	19
11591399334	Investiture Controversy	Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands	20
11591399335	Monasticism	Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty; prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddhism; monasteries were primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe	21
11591399336	Benedict of Nursia	Responsible for introducing this originally Egyptian practice of monasticism that was practiced in the Latin west	22
11591399337	Regular vs. Secular Clergy	Priests who lived by monastic rules vs. priests who lived in society instead of in seclusion and did not follow a formal code of regulations	23
11591399338	Pilgrimages	Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins; other religions have these traditions as well	24
11591399339	Marco Polo	Venetian merchant who wrote travel literature	25
11591399340	Ibn Battuta	A young Muslim scholar from Moroccos who had set out to explore the Islamic world	26
11591399341	Treasure Ships	Large Chinese junks about 300 feet long by 150 feet wide for sea battles	27
11591399342	Zheng He	An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa	28
11591399343	Hijrah	Muhammad's famous flight to the city of Yathrib because he was forced to leave Mecca for fear of his life	29
11591399344	Mosque	Islamic holy houses	30
11591399345	Muezzin	Calls people to prayer	31
11591399346	Minaret	A tower where a muezzin calls people to prayer	32
11591399347	Alms	Special religious tax that goes to the poor	33
11591399348	Ramadan	Islamic holy month; Muslims fast from sunup to sundown	34
11591399349	Hajj	Pilgrimage to Mecca that takes place once a year	35
11591399350	Sunna	Model for proper living	36
11591399351	Shari'a Law	Regulates family life, moral conduct, and business and community life of Muslims	37
11591399352	Seal of the Prophets	Name recognizing Muhammad as the last and greatest prophet.	38
11591399353	People of the Book	Christians and Jews	39
11591399354	Ali	Muhammad's son-in-law that triggered a civil war	40
11591399355	Sufi	Devotion to a spiritual movement	41
11591399356	Ascetics	People who practiced self-denial to achieve an understanding of ultimate reality; emphasis on meditation and chanting	42
11591399357	Ulama	People with religious knowledge	43
11591399358	Qadis	Judges	44
11591399359	Dar al-Islam	Islamic lands	45
11591399360	Arabic Numerals	Hindi numerals that Islamic states adapted from the people they conquered	46
11591399361	Nasir al-Din	Islamic scholar who studied and improved upon the cosmological model of Ptolemy	47
11591399362	Mahayana Buddhism	A major branch of the religion that allowed a great deal of variance from Buddha's original teachings	48
11591399363	Xuanzang	Chinese-Buddhist monk who traveled to India to learn Indian Buddhism	49
11591399364	Dark Ages	Many aspects of the Roman civilization were lost, such as written language, advanced architectural and building techniques, complex government, and access to long-distance trade	50
11591399365	Caesaropapism	Emperor ruled as absolute ruler of state and church in Roman Empire	51
11591399366	Franciscans	Order of ministers known for their vows of poverty and ability to relate to peasants	52
11591399367	Dominicans	A more scholarly order who ministered more to educational needs	53
11591399368	Monks	People who devoted their lives to study, worship, and hard work	54
11591399369	Monastery	Served as refuge for those in trouble, communication to the central church hierarchy, and were centers of scholarship, education, and libraries	55
11591399370	Africanity	A set of cultural characteristics that are commonly shared on the continent	56
11591399371	Scarification	Permanent beauty etchings on the skin	57
11591399372	Mecca	City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and ritual center of the Islamic religion	58
11591399373	Medina	City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca	59
11591399374	Khalifa/Caliph	Successor	60
11591399375	Abu Bakr	One of earliest believers and father of Muhammad's favorite wife A'isha	61
11591399376	Caliphate	Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire	62
11591399377	Umayyad Caliphate	First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs; capital at Damascus, they ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India; overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate	63
11591399378	Carolingian	Frankish ruling family who established themselves as kings under Charlemagne's father Pepin, and then under Charlemagne, as emperors	64
11591399379	Charlemagne	King of Franks in the Carolingian family; at his peak the Carolingian Empire encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy	65
11591399380	Varangians	Swedes who pursued raiding and trading interests	66
11591399381	William the Conqueror	Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and brought Anglo-Saxon domination of the island to an end	67
11591399382	Feudalism	System where land was awarded for military service	68
11591399383	Fief	In medieval Europe, land granted in return for a sworn oath to provide specified military service	69
11591399384	Vassal	In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king of lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king of lord	70
11591399385	Holy Roman Empire	Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes; lasted from 962-1806	71
11591399386	Crusades	Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule; brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation	72
11591399387	Battle of Manzikert	Seljuk army vs. Byzantine emperor; resulted in Turkish nomads spreading throughout the region and the deterioration of security along the pilgrimage route	73
11591399388	Pope Urban II	Began the Crusades when he called on Christians to stop fighting each other and go to the Holy Land to fight Muslims	74
11591399389	Eleanor of Aquitaine	One of the most influential women of the crusading era; accompanied her husband on the Second Crusade	75
11591399390	Richard the Lionhearted	One of Eleanor's sons who famed in romance as the	76
11591399391	Temujin	Became the supreme leader of the Mongols in 1206; also known as Chinggis Khan	77
11591399392	Mongols	A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia; after 1206 they established a large empire under Chinggis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia	78
11591399393	Chinggis Khan	The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols, it means the "oceanic" or "universal leader"; founder of the Mongol Empire	79
11591399394	Ogodei	Chinggis's son; became the Great Khan in 1227 after his father's death; completed the destruction of the Tanggut and the Jin and put their territories under Mongol governors; controlled most of northern China	80
11591399395	Batu	Chinggis's grandson who attacked Russian territories, took control of the towns along the Volga River, and conquered Kievan Russia, Moscow, Poland, and Hungary in a five-year campaign	81
11591399396	Karakorum	Capital where Ogodei tried to rule a united empire	82
11591399397	Chagatai	Chinggis's son whose descendants dominated Central Asia	83
11591399398	Khublai Khan	Declared himself the Great Khan in 1260, and transferred his court to the old Jin capital; declared himself founder of the Yuan Empire in 1271	84
11591399399	Yuan Empire	Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan	85
11591399400	Hulegu	Great Khan; founded the regional khanate (Il-khan Empire of Iran) and ruled from 1256-1265	86
11591399401	Battle of Ain Jalut	Mongols vs. Turkic-speaking Mamluks; Mongols met their match as Mamaluks' techniques matched their own	87
11591399402	Rashid al-Din	Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid's advice	88
11591399403	Nasir al-Din Tusi	Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system	89
11591399404	Delhi Sultanate	Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders	90
11591399405	Mansa Musa	Ruler of the West African empire of Mali; took his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324	91
11591399406	Arawak	Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus	92
11591399407	Feudalism	A political and economic system less developed than those of centralized empires, but more powerful than a purely local government; accompanied by a set of political values that emphasized mutual ties, obligations, and loyalties	93
11591399408	Shogun	A military leader who ruled in place of the emperor	94
11591399409	Daimyos	Japanese elites	95
11591399410	Samurai	Professional warriors who swore loyalty to daimyos	96
11591399411	Bushido	Warrior's code that samurai lived by	97
11591399412	Seppuku	Suicide by disembowelment if the samurais failed their masters	98
11591399413	Minamoto Clan	Seized power in late 11th century and installed their leader as the shogun	99
11591399414	Vikings	From Scandinavia; invaded many areas of Europe in the 8th and 9th centuries	100
11591399415	Magyars	Invaders from the east in the late 9th century	101
11591399416	Byzantine Empire	Eastern empire that remained intact because it withstood fewer attacks; survived for almost a Millenium after the western empire collapsed	102
11591399417	Franks	Germanic group that promoted the power of the church; controlled much of what is now France by the 5th century CE	103
11591399418	Manor	In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence, outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land	104
11591399419	Nomadism	A way of life, forced by scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water	105
11591399420	Garum	Strong-smelling sauce that became a cooking staple in ancient Rome and an important export item; made by crushing up fish in a small amount of brine	106
11591399421	Swahili Coast	East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning "shores"	107
11591399422	Great Zimbabwe	City, now in ruins, whose main stone structures were built between 1250 and 1450 when it was a trading center and the capital of a larger state	108
11591399423	Aden	Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen; a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times	109
11591399424	Gujarat	Attracted new trade after the Mongol destruction of Baghdad and prospered from increased commercial interaction with Delhi's ruling class	110
11591399425	Calicut	Coastal city that prospered from locally woven cotton textiles and locally grown grains and spices; imitated Gujarat's success	111
11591399426	Malacca	Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca	112
11591399427	Entrepot	Places where goods are stored or deposited and from which they are distributed	113
11591399428	Flying Money	Letters of credit that allowed merchants to deposit money in one location and have it available in another	114
11591399429	Tax Farming	A practice that gave middlemen the responsibility of collecting taxes	115
11591399430	Commercial Revolution	Western European towns used financial innovations (banks, bills of exchange) once they connected to long-distance trade routes	116
11591399431	Guild	Trade associations made up of craftsmen for their particular craft; set standard for goods, regulated labor, and supervised apprentices as they learned the trade	117
11591399432	Hanseatic League	commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns	118
11591399433	Caravanserai	A roadside inn where travelers could rest and recover from the day's journey	119
11591399434	Jizya	Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire	120
11591399435	Serfs	In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord	121