AP review Flashcards

13833098217	Medulla	-automatic function -controls heartbeat and breathing	0
13833119898	Industrial-organizational psychologists	psychologists that focus on workplaces or companies to help employes, morale, productivity, and production	1
13833167734	Narcolepsy	a sleep disorder characterized by sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness	2
13833174709	Frequency	determines pitch	3
13833239727	Fovea	the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster	4
13833319858	Hippocampus	-formation of new memories -emotions -motivation -Ach	5
13833373634	IQ	mental age/chronological age x 100	6
13833380827	Procedural memory	the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things (ex: riding a bike)	7
13833430198	Dependent variable	-The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. -what is measured	8
13833447256	independent variable	-The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied -what is tested	9
13833481257	Action potential	a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon	10
13833511226	Fixed interval	-fixed amount of time between reinforcement -getting a report card every 18 weeks	11
13833517609	Variable interval	-varied amount of time between reinforcement -getting a pop quiz	12
13833528777	Fixed ratio	-reinforcement after a fixed number of correct responses -buying 10 cups of coffee get 1 free	13
13833540619	Variable ratio	-reinforcement at any time -playing slot machines	14
13833585694	Conservation	-the child understands that changing the form of a substance or object does not change its amount, overall volume, or mass -Piaget development	15
13833595868	Reliability	same scores on a retest	16
13833599399	Validity	test measures what it should	17
13833632758	Size constancy	perceive an object as being the same size regardless of whether it is close or far away	18
13833639231	Terminal buttons	release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons	19
13833683748	Lithium	a chemical compound that is useful in treating bipolar disorder	20
13833725511	Eyes ---> brain	rods and cones ---> bipolar cells ---> ganglion cells ---> optic nerve ---> visual cortex	21
13833748237	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events	22
13833760618	Unconditioned stimulus	a stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, NOT learned	23
13833771040	Unconditioned response	automatic response, a reflex	24
13833779381	Conditioned stimulus	the learned stimulus	25
13833785790	Conditioned response	a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus	26
13833817663	Psychoanalytic theory	A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior	27
13833823256	Learning/behavioral theory	-Ivan Pavlov -John B. Watson -B.F. Skinner -we learn from and rely on our experience -effects of reinforcement, punishing, and modeling	28
13833853218	Cognitive theory	-Jean Piaget -we are all different from thinking to view points -how people process, store, and retrieve information -how information is used to reason and solve problems	29
13833887547	Humanistic theory	-Abraham Maslow -Carl Rogers -you are choosing the choices you make -we have free choice and will -making own decisions through conscious decisions	30
13833916811	Sociocultural theory	-how behavior and thinking vary across cultures and situations -influences of gender, culture, etc. -generational influence	31
13833933835	Hierarchy of needs	Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs like belongingness, love, esteem, and finally self-actualization	32
13834101198	Stage 1 sleep	a transition from wakefulness into sleep	33
13834105321	Stage 2 sleep	appearance of brief bursts of rapid brain activity	34
13834112561	Stage 3 sleep	low-frequency, high amplitude waves called delta waves	35
13834118735	Stage 4 sleep	deepest stage of sleep; consists entirely of delta waves	36
13834134270	REM sleep	almost complete muscle relaxation except for eye muscles and majority of dreams occur during this	37
13834183109	Sensorimotor	-age 0 to 2 -world is experienced through the senses and through action	38
13834187785	Preoperational	-age 2 to 6 -childhood thoughts that begin to represent objects with words but which lacks logical reasoning	39
13834196155	Concrete operational	-age 7 to 11 -childhood beings to think logically and forms ability to complete simple math operations -logic is tied to things they can see -cannot hypothesize	40
13834215801	Formal operational	-age 12 to adult -involves the ability to think abstractly and hypothetically	41
13834223616	Preconventional	-before age 9 -decide what is right or wrong based on gaining an award and/or to avoid punishment	42
13834234384	Conventional	-early adolescence -decide what is right or wrong based on what people expect of you (gain approval or avoid disapproval) or something is wrong because it's against the law	43
13834251603	Postconventional	-adolescence and beyond -decide what is right based on abstract principles like "right to life" or "right to liberty"	44
13860843609	Cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	45
13860888706	Sensory memory	the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system	46
13860891631	Iconic memory	a form of sensory memory that holds a brief visual image of a scene that has just been perceived	47
13860898039	Echoic memory	a form of sensory memory for sounds that have just been perceived	48
13860905847	Short-term memory	activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten	49
13860915722	Working memory	a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory	50
13860926448	Long-term memory	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.	51
13860930234	Explicit memory	-what we think of first -conscious memories of facts or events we actively try to remember -processed in the hippocampus	52
13860940060	Implicit memory	-unintentional memories that we might not even realize we have -processed in the cerebellum -EX: muscle memory	53
13860957577	Semantic memory	-general knowledge of the world, stored as facts, meanings, or categories rather than sequentially -EX: what you learn in class	54
13860970836	Episodic memory	memories of specific events, stored in a sequential series of events that have meaning	55
13863996002	Basilar membrane	A structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells.	56
13864012397	Somatosensory cortex	area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations	57
13864024519	Big 5 Traits	openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism	58
13864034263	Linear perspective	A monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.	59
13864042435	Afterimages	images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed	60
13864056276	Shaping	an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	61
13864081079	ID	unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification	62
13864086382	Ego	the largely conscious part of personality that contains our partly conscious perceptions, thoughts, judgements, and memories	63
13864103028	Superego	the voice of our moral compass that forces the ego to consider not only the real but ideal and how we ought to behave	64
13864124427	Displacement	shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet	65
13864152302	Dendrites	branching extensions that receive incoming messages and conduct messages towards the cell body	66
13864155741	Soma	in the cell body, which contains the nucleus	67
13864165064	Axon	-sends the signal -takes the messages from the soma to other neurons	68
13864171942	Terminal Buttons	release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons	69
13864176997	Myelin Sheath	encases the axons which allows faster transmission speeds in neurons	70
13864189551	Resting Potential	refers to the neuron when it is not active	71
13864192819	Threshold	minimal level of stimulation required for a neural impulse to fire	72
13864199711	Synapse	the meeting point between neurons	73
13864212540	Sympathetic nervous system	arouses and expands energy	74
13864223644	Parasympathetic nervous system	calms the body conserving energy	75
13864228425	Somatic nervous system	enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles	76
13864232811	Autonomic nervous system	controls glands and muscles of internal organs	77
13864239433	Interneurons	-brain -spinal cord's internal communication	78
13864242682	Sensory neurons	senses to brain	79
13864246838	Motor neurons	brain to body	80
13864254448	Pituitary gland	secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands	81
13864257191	Adrenal glands	helps trigger fight or flight response	82
13864261933	Pineal gland	secretes melatonin that controls our daily clock	83
13864275092	EEG	records electrical activity in the brain	84
13864279808	CT	examines the brain by taking x-ray photographs that can reveal brain damage	85
13864279809	PET	a visual display of brain activity that shows each brain areas consumption of glucose when performing a task	86
13864293043	MRI	produces computer generated images of soft tissue by using magnetic fields and radio waves; shows brain anatomy	87
13864300932	fMRI	a technique for revealing blood flow and brain activity by comparing MRI scans; show brain function and structure	88
13864314686	Brainstem	automatic survival functions (breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure)	89
13864322088	Medulla	controls heartbeat and breathing	90
13864327351	Cerebellum	-responsible for balance and coordination -helps with muscle memory	91
13864336885	Pons	aids in sleep and dreaming	92
13864340063	Reticular formation	plays a role in controlling consciousness and alertness	93
13864370221	Thalamus	receives information from all senses except smell and sends it to the higher brain regions that deal with seeing, hearing, tasting, and touching	94
13864394143	Limbic system	controls emotion and drives (sex, hunger, etc.)	95
13864424248	Hippocampus	involved in the formation of new memories, emotions, and motivation	96
13864427263	Hypothalamus	pleasure or reward central that controls the pituitary gland	97
13864439089	Frontal lobe	-contains personality -involved with making plans and judgements	98
13864458412	Motor cortex	controls voluntary movements and impulse control	99
13864474186	Association areas	areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking	100
13864482388	Aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).	101
13864497854	Carl Rogers	-humanistic -person-centered therapy -unconditional positive regard -fully functioning person	102
13864550134	Prospective memory	remembering to do things in the future	103
13864553958	false consensus effect	the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors	104
13864567877	Schacter Two Factor	Stimulus -> arousal -> interpret external cues -> label emotion	105
13864582261	Positive punishment	the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring	106
13864592239	Motion parallax	provides perceptual cues about difference in distance and motion, and is associated with depth perception	107
13864601747	Stimulus generalization	the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response	108
13864622144	Cornea	transparent tissue where light enters the eye	109
13864625154	Iris	muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the opening (pupil) for light	110
13864627461	Pupil	light passes through this small adjustable opening	111
13864632509	Lens	focuses the light rays on the retina through accommodation	112
13864637707	Retina	contains sensory receptors that process visual information and sends it to the brain	113
13864656988	Operational definition	a statement of the procedures used to define research variables	114
13864660738	Syntax	the rules that specify how words should be ordered in a sentence to make the sentence meaningful	115
13864666872	Linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	116
13864673875	Flooding	a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless	117
13864696296	Transduction	changing physical energy into electrical signals (neural impulses) that can make their way to the brain	118
13864704117	Agonist	a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response	119
13864704118	Mary Ainsworth	developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment	120
13864727791	Morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)	121
13864730723	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	122
13864735732	Availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common	123
13864737583	Prefrontal cortex	allows us to judge, reason, make decisions, plans, process new memories	124
13864855948			125