AP Biology Flashcards

13835909610	Lamarck	French naturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics that are passed down based on usefulness	0
13835940627	1. A very large population; 2. No migration; 3. No mutation; 4. No natural selection; 5. Random mating	Conditions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium	1
13835958064	Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium	A state of a non-evolving population, where the frequencies of two alleles do not change from generation to generation.	2
13835985294	p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1	Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Equation	3
13835998398	Genetic Drift	A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.	4
13836003662	bottleneck effect	A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population	5
13836003663	founder effect	change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population	6
13836007200	gene flow	Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population	7
13836009744	Mutation	change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information, causing a change in the allele frequency of a population	8
13836017364	non-random mating	occurs when the probability that two individuals in a population will mate is not the same for all possible pairs of individuals	9
13836024725	natural selection	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	10
13836027789	allopatric speciation	populations are separated by geographic isolation, thus a new species can be formed following adaptation to new surroundings	11
13836044231	adaptive radiation	An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species	12
13836047313	sympatric speciation	The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area	13
13836053146	Autopolyploidy	meiotic error causes a species to have more than two sets of chromosomes. Contribution is from one species	14
13836065905	allopolyploidy	polyploidy resulting from contribution of chromosomes from two or more species	15
13836072883	Gradualism	species are produced by slow evolution of intermediate species	16
13836076912	punctuated equilibrium	Pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change	17
13836085094	stabilizing selection	extreme phenotypes are eliminated and the more common phenotypes are conserved	18
13836144195	directional selection	One of the extreme phenotypes is selected	19
13836150402	diversifying selection	Both of the extreme phenotypes are selected	20
13836164627	homologous structures	Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.	21
13836169270	vestigial organs	remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral species	22
13836178270	analogous structures	similarities among unrelated species that result from convergent evolution	23
13836184151	Miller-Urey Experiment	Experiment that found that organic molecules can form in a strongly reducing atmosphere.	24
13836218962	heterotrophic hypothesis	the hypothesis suggesting that the first life-forms were prokaryotic heterotrophs that used the supply of naturally occurring organic compounds for food	25
13836236244	endosymbiotic theory	a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes	26
13836284846	6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2	photosynthesis equation (overall)	27
13836297721	chlorophyll a	main photosynthetic pigment	28
13836319573	chlorophyll b and carotenoids	accessory pigments that allow leaves to capture a wider spectrum of visible light than chlorophyll a alone	29
13836326533	Photosystems I and II	embedded in the thylakoids (internal membranes of chloroplasts), consist of hundreds of pigment molecules that funnel light energy to two chlorophyll a molecules at the reaction center. Essentially they use an electron transport system to transfer higher free energy electrons.	30
13836360028	electron transport chain	In photosynthesis: an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane. Electrons are transferred from PSII -> primary electron acceptor -> donated to PSI -> electron carriers -> donated to NADP+ to make NADPH	31
13838399539	Chemiosmosis	A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme. (After electrons are transferred down thylakoid membrane)	32
13838419573	C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy	chemical equation for cellular respiration	33
13838423926	Glycolysis	Turns glucose into pyruvate, spends 2 ATP and 2 NAD+, makes 2 NADH and 4 ATP	34
13838430779	Shuttle step	Conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA; occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria	35
13838431830	Krebs cycle	Uses different forms of oxaloacetate as an intermediate to produce ATP from ADP	36
13838441593	electron transport chain	In cellular respiration: Occurs in the mitochondria, NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons and pass them to a series of electron acceptors as these electrons move toward the final electron acceptor. No direct ATP is made, must be coupled to oxidative phosphorylation via chemiosmosis	37
13838464636	38	Cellular respiration produces a total of ________ ATP	38
13838472038	Glycolysis	__________ happens in both aerobic respiration and fermentation.	39
13838474949	lactic acid fermentation	Includes glycolysis plus an additional reaction that generates NAD+ and lactic acid	40
13838484708	alcohol fermentation	Includes glycolysis plus additional reactions that produce NAD+, ethanol, and CO2.	41
13880089115	Chlorophyll a	Main photosynthetic pigment	42
13880089116	chlorophyll b and carotenoids	Accessory pigments that allow leaves to capture a wider spectrum of visible light	43
13880089117	Photosystems I and II	II before I, produce ATP, only with both is NADPH and O2 produced from the flow. Embedded in thylakoids, use electron transport.	44
13880097861	Activation energy	Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the _________	45
13880360515	Prokaryotic	_________ cells have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. They also have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.	46
13880360516	Prokaryotic	_______ cells have no histones or formation of chromosomes.	47
13880360517	Mitochondrial inheritance	A pattern of inheritance in which all genes present come from mother	48
13880360518	Endoplasmic Reticulum	Site of protein and membrane synthesis, including detoxification of drugs.	49
13880360519	Rough ER	Has ribosomes, the other does not	50
13880360520	Golgi apparatus	A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell; synthesizes carbohydrates	51
13880360521	Lysosomes	An organelle containing digestive enzymes	52
13880360522	epithelial tissue	Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities; functions: protection, absorption, secretion, rapid diffusion	53
13880360523	oral cavity	Only carbs are broken down in the _________.	54
13880360524	stomach	Only protein is broken down in the ________.	55
13880360525	Small intestine	All three macromolecules are broken down in the ________, but this is the first place that lipids are broken down.	56
13880360526	large intestine (colon)	Main purpose is to reabsorb water.	57
13880360527	Platelets	blood clotting	58
13880360528	Plasma	Liquid part of blood	59
13880360529	lymph	Lost fluid or protein	60
13880360530	systolic pressure	peak arterial pressure	61
13880360531	diastolic pressure	minimum arterial pressure	62
13880360532	Nephrons	filtering units of the kidney that remove wastes from the blood and produce urine	63
13880674053	Nodes of Ranvier	Gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated sodium channels are confined. Allows faster communication.	64
13880674054	Cilia	Sweep pathogens to exterior opening of respiratory tract; nonspecific defense	65
13880674055	Interferons	interfere with viral replication within cells; nonspecific defense	66
13880674056	humoral immune response	Specific immune defense: involves B cells, which attack pathogens with antibodies	67
13880674057	cell-mediated immune response	Specific immune response: involves mainly T cells and leads to the destruction of cells that are infected with viruses	68
13880674058	parenchyma	Used in storage, photosynthesis, and protection and transport in plants	69
13880674059	Collenchyma	Supports growing parts of plant	70
13880674060	Schlerenchyma	Supports non-growing parts of the plant, transport/fibers, and vessels of vascular tissue	71
13880674061	dermal tissue	tissue of the plant that makes up the waxy outer layer of the plant	72
13880674062	ground tissue	tissue system that makes up the majority of a plant roots and offers support, storage, and photosynthesis/fibers.	73
13880674063	vascular tissue	Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.	74
13880674064	meristematic tissue	plant tissue found only in the tips of shoots and roots; responsible for plant growth	75
13880674065	gametophyte	The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces gametes, or sex cells. Haploid.	76
13880674066	sporophyte	Diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism. Formed BY gametes.	77
13880674067	Spores	Normal cell of plant	78
13959913727	chief cells	_________________ secrete pepsinogen (type of cell)	79
13959919356	Lipids (fats)	Type of macromolecule that has the most amount of energy available per carbon	80
13959925179	Pharynx	(Pharynx or Larynx) is part of the digestive tract	81
13959930109	inhibits	Alcohol consumption generally leads to greater urine volume. Alcohol (INHIBITS or STIMULATES) ADH, and prevents water from leaving the collecting duct and entering the renal medulla.	82
13959936930	blastula stage	During embryonic development, stage begins after the formation of 128 cells and terminates with germ layer differentiation	83
13959940535	Ectoderm	outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin	84
13959940536	Endoderm	the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems	85
13959943144	Mesoderm	the middle layer of an embryo in early development, between the endoderm and ectoderm.	86
13960015759	relative refractory period	A period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire again only if the incoming message is much stronger than usual	87
13960018047	absolute refractory period	The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.	88