Immune System - AP Biology Flashcards

11111336587	Innate Immunity	General, non-specific protection to the body, including the skin (barrier), gastric acid, phagocytes, and lysozyme.	0
11111336588	First Line of Defense	Nonspecific barrier to keep out pathogens includes skin, mucous membranes, and normal microbiota	1
11111336589	Second Line of Defense	Nonspecific defense and inflammatory response initiated by chemical signals to attack and isolate invading pathogens; includes response by phagocytes	2
11111336590	Inflammatory Response	Vasodilation, phagocytosis, and increase in body temperature	3
11111336591	Histamines	chemical signals that trigger vasodilation, increasing blood supply to area	4
11111336592	Phagocytes	White blood cells that engulf invading pathogens e.g., neutrophils, macrophages	5
11111336593	Chemokines	chemical signals secreted by blood vessel cells that attract more white blood cells (phagocytes) to the area	6
11111336594	Adaptive (Acquired) immunity	Specific immunity; B and T cells; humoral and cell-mediated response	7
11111336595	Lymphocytes	T cells, B cells, and NK cells	8
11111336596	Macrophages	APC that engulfs large numbers of pathogens; presents antigen to activate T cells	9
11111336597	MHC I	molecules found on all nucleated cells...Self vs nonself	10
11111336598	MHC II	molecules found on macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells; signal helper T cells. self vs nonself	11
11111336599	Memory Cells	Responsible for lifelong immunity; B and T cells that are able to more quickly fight secondary infection	12
11111336600	Antibody	Y-shaped protein with variable antigen binding region; slows pathogens to facilitate destruction	13
11111336601	Antigen	any molecule that elicits an immune response; the body sees as foreign	14
11111336602	Passive Immunity	Temporary immunity where antibodies are transferred from another animal ex: mother transfers some of her antibodies to her nursing child	15
11111336603	HIV	A retrovirus that attacks helper T cells	16
11111336604	Autoimmune disease	failure of immune tolerance; the body does not properly distinguish self from nonself	17
11111336605	Allergy	Hypersensitive immune response to certain substances that causes that release of histamine	18
11111336606	B Cells	Cells involved in humoral response; produce antibodies; activated by Th cells or free antigens	19
11111336607	Cytotoxic T Cells	Cells involved in cell-mediated response; specifically kills body cells that have been infected with pathogens and cancer cells; stimulated by APCs (antigen presenting cells) and helper T-cells; also known as CD8+ T cells	20
11111336608	Helper T Cells	Set off an alarm to the immune system that pathogens have broken through the body's line of defense; binds to class II MHC; also known as CD4+ T cells	21
11111336609	Effector Cell	Short-lived lymphocyte such as a B cell or cytotoxic T lymphocyte that can take immediate action against an antigen.	22
11111336610	Natural Killer Cells	A type of white blood cell that can non-specifically kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.	23
11111336611	Mast Cells	Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation.	24
11111336612	Humoral Response	The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids.	25
11111336613	Cell-mediated Response	The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells and cancer cells.	26
11111336614	Neutrophils	The most abundant type of white blood cell. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their lifespan to a few days. (aka: Pus)	27
11111336615	epitope	region of an antigen to which an antibody binds; also called antigenic determinant	28
11111336616	immunoglobulin (Ig)	class of proteins that function as antibodies	29
11111336625	pathogen	an organism that causes a disease or illness	30
11111336627	clonal selection	process by which an antigen only activates lymphocytes with receptors that specifically bind it -- these lymphocytes proliferate into clones that respond to that specific antigen; accounts for specificity and memory of acquired immune response	31
11111336628	cardinal signs of inflammation	1. redness 2. heat 3. swelling 4. pain (sometimes loss of function)	32
11111336629	white blood cells	neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, eosinophils, basophils	33
11111336630	primary immune response	response after first exposure to a particular pathogen	34
11111336631	secondary immune response	response after the second exposure to a particular pathogen; faster than primary due to memory cells	35