AP Pyschology Flashcards

9847650956	structuralism	used introspection to determine the underlying structures of the mind	0
9847650957	introspection	act of looking inward to examine mental experience	1
9847650958	functionalism	need to analyze the purpose of the behavior	2
9847650959	evolutionary perspective	key word: genes	3
9847650960	humanistic perspective	key words: free will, choice, ideal, actualization	4
9847650961	biological perspective	key words: brain, neurotransmitters	5
9847650962	cognitive perspective	key words: perceptions, thoughts	6
9847650963	behavioral perspective	key words: learned, reinforced	7
9847650964	psychoanalytic/dynamic	key words: unconscious, childhood	8
9847650965	sociocultural perspective	key word: society	9
9847650966	biopyschosocial	key words: combo of bio, psychoanalytic, and socio	10
9847650967	mary calkins	first female president of the APA	11
9847650968	Charles darwin	natural selection & evolution	12
9847650969	dorothea dix	reformed mental institutions in the US	13
9847650970	stanley hall	first president of the APA, first journal	14
9847650971	William james	father of American psychology - functionalist	15
9847650972	wilhem wundt	father of modern psychology - structuralist	16
9847650973	Margaret floy washburn	first female with a PhD	17
9847650974	experiment	advantage: researcher controls variable to establish CAUSE AND EFFECT; disadvantage: difficult to generalize	18
9847650975	independent variable	manipulated by the researcher	19
9847650976	experimental group	received the treatment	20
9847650977	control group	placebo, baseline	21
9847650978	placebo effect	shows behaviors associated with the experimental group when having received a plaebo	22
9847650979	double-blind	experiment where neither the participant or the experimenter are aware of which condition people are assigned to	23
9847650980	dependent variable	measured variable (it depends on the independent var.)	24
9847650981	operational definition	clear, precise, typically quantifiable definition of your variables - allows replication	25
9847650982	cofound variable	error/flaw in the study	26
9847650983	random assignment	assigns participants to either control or experimental group at random - minimizes bias, increase chance of equal representation	27
9847650984	random sample	method for choosing participants - minimizes bias	28
9847650985	validity	accurate results	29
9847650986	reliability	same results every time	30
9847650987	naturalistic observation	advantage: real world validity (observing people in their natural setting); disadvantage: no cause and effect	31
9847650988	correlation	advantage: identify relationship between two variable; disadvantage: no cause and effect	32
9847650989	positive correlation	variable in the same direction (both increasing or both decreasing)	33
9847650990	negative correlation	variables vary in opposite directions (one up and one down or vice versa)	34
9847650991	strong correlation	-.8 is stronger than .2	35
9847650992	weak correlation	.4 is weaker than .7	36
9847650993	case study	advantage: studies ONE person (usually) in great detail- lots of info; disadvantage: no cause and effect	37
9847650994	descriptive stats	shape of the data	38
9847651130	positive skew		39
9847651131	negative skew		40
9847651132	normal distribution		41
9847650995	inferential stats	establishes significance (meaningfulness); significant results = NOT due to chance	42
9847650996	neuron	basic cell of the nervous system	43
9847650997	dendrites	receive incoming signal	44
9847650998	soma	cell body (includes nucleus)	45
9847650999	axon	action potential travels down this	46
9847651000	myelin sheath	speeds up signal now the axon	47
9847651001	terminals	release neurotransmitters - send signal to the next neuron	48
9847651002	synapse	gap between neurons	49
9847651003	action potential	movement of sodium and potassium ions across a membrane, sends an electrical charge down the axon	50
9847651004	all or nothing law	stimulus must trigger the action potential past its threshold, but does not increase the intensity of the response	51
9847651005	refractory period	neuron must rest and reset before it can send another action potential	52
9847651006	sensory neurons	receive signals	53
9847651007	afferent neurons	accept signals	54
9847651008	motor neurons	send signals	55
9847651009	efferent neurons	signal exits	56
9847651010	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	57
9847651011	peripheral nervous system	everything in the nervous system but the brain and spinal cord	58
9847651012	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	59
9847651013	autonomic nervous system	involuntary (heart, lungs, etc.)	60
9847651014	sympathetic nervous system	arouses the body for fight or flight	61
9847651015	parasympathetic nervous system	established homeostasis after a sympathetic response	62
9847651016	neurotransmitters	chemicals released in synaptic gap, received by neurons	63
9847651017	GABA	major inhibitory NT	64
9847651018	glutamate	major excitatory NT	65
9847651019	dopamine	reward & movement	66
9847651020	serotonin	moods and emotions	67
9847651021	acetylcholine (ACh)	memory	68
9847651022	epinephrine & norepinephrine	sympathetic NS arousal	69
9847651023	endorphins	pain control, happiness	70
9847651024	oxytocin	love and bonding	71
9847651025	agonist	drug that mimics a NT	72
9847651026	antagonist	drug that blocks a NT	73
9847651027	reuptake	unused NTs are taken back up into the sending neuron; SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) block reuptake - treatment for depression	74
9847651028	hindbrain	oldest part of the brain; includes cerebellum, pons and medulla	75
9847651029	cerebellum	coordinates and regulates muscular movement	76
9847651030	medulla	control center for the heart and lungs	77
9847651031	pons	sleep/arousal; links medulla to the thalamus	78
9847651032	reticular formation	mediates the overall level of consciousness	79
9847651033	forebrain	higher thought processes	80
9847651034	limbic system	controls basic emotions and drives; also concerned with instinct and mood	81
9847651035	amygdala	emotions and fear	82
9847651036	hippocampus	memory	83
9847651037	thalamus	relay center for sensory info	84
9847651038	hypothalamus	reward/ pleasure center, eating behaviors	85
9847651039	broca's area	inability to produce speech	86
9847651040	Wernicke's area	inability to comprehend speech	87
9847651041	cerebral cortex	outer portion of the brain - higher order thought processes	88
9847651042	occipital lobe	back of the head - vision	89
9847651043	frontal lobe	decision making, planning, judgment, movement, personality	90
9847651044	parietal lobe	top of the head - sensations	91
9847651045	temporal lobe	sides of the head - hearing and face recognition	92
9847651046	somatosensory cortex	map of our sensory receptors - in parietal lobe	93
9847651047	motor cortex	map of motor receptors - in frontal lobe	94
9847651048	corpus callosum	bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres - sometimes severed in patients with seizures - leads to split-brain patients	95
9847651049	lateralization	the brain has some specialized features - language is processed in the left hemisphere	96
9847651050	split-brain patients	done by Sperry & Gazzanaga; images shown to the right hemisphere will be processed in the left (and vice versa), patients can verbally identify what they saw	97
9847651051	brain plasticity	brain can modify its own structure and functions of the internal or external environment changes	98
9847651052	endocrine system	sends hormones throughout the body	99
9847651053	pituitary gland	controlled by the hypothalamus; release growth hormones	100
9847651054	adrenal glands	related to sympathetic NS; releases adrenaline	101
9847651055	EEG	can observe brain activity - not specific	102
9847651056	XRAY	doesn't show tissues; not useful	103
9847651057	CT/MRI	shows structure of the brain	104
9847651058	PET	glucose shows brain activity	105
9847651059	fMRI	glucose shows activity in real time	106
9847651060	absolute threshold	detection of signal 50% of the time	107
9847651061	difference threshold	aka just noticeable difference; two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum proportion	108
9847651062	sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation (don't feel your clothes on you)	109
9847651063	perceptual set	tendency to see something as a part of a group - speeds up signal processing	110
9847651064	inattentional blindness	failure to notice something because you're so focused on another task	111
9847651065	cocktail party effect	notice your name across the room when its spoken when you were not previously paying attention	112
9847651066	pathway of vision	light - cornea - pupil/iris - lens - retina - rods/cones - bipolar cells - ganglion cells - optic nerve - optic chiasm - occipital lobe	113
9847651067	cornea	protects the eye	114
9847651068	pupil/iris	controls the amount of light entering the eye	115
9847651069	lens	focuses light on retina	116
9847651070	fovea	area of best vision (cones here)	117
9847651071	rods	black/white; dim light	118
9847651072	cones	color; bright light	119
9847651073	bipolar cells	connects rod/cones and ganglion cells	120
9847651074	ganglion cells	opponent-processing occurs here	121
9847651075	blind spot	occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye	122
9847651076	feature detectors	specialized cells that see motion, shapes, lines, etc.	123
9847651077	trichromatic theory	three cones for receiving color (blue, red, green); explains color blindness (missing a cone)	124
9847651078	opponent process theory	complementary colors are processed in the ganglion cells - explains why we see an after image	125
9847651079	visual capture	visual system overwhelms all the others	126
9847651080	constancies	recognize the objects do not physically change despite changes in sensory input	127
9847651081	phi phenomenon	adjacent lights blink on/off in succession - looks like movement (traffic signs with arrows)	128
9847651082	stroboscopic movement	motion produced by a rapid succession of slightly varying images (animation)	129
9847651083	interposition	overlapping images appear close (monocular cue)	130
9847651084	relative size	two objects that are usually similar in size, the smaller one is further away (monocular cue)	131
9847651085	relative clarity	hazy objects appear further away (monocular cue)	132
9847651086	texture gradient	coarser objects are closer (monocular cue)	133
9847651087	relative height	things higher in our field of vision look further away (monocular cue)	134
9847651088	linear perspective	parallel lines converge with distance (monocular cue)	135
9847651089	retinal disparity	image is cast slightly different on each retinal, location of image helps us determine depth (binocular cue)	136
9847651090	convergence	eyes strain more (looking inward) as objects draw near (binocular cue)	137
9847651091	top-down processing	whole to smaller parts	138
9847651092	bottom-up processing	smaller parts to whole	139
9847651093	pathway of sound	sound - pinna - auditory canal - ear drum (tympanic membrane) - hammer, anvil, stirrup - oval window - cochlea - auditory nerve - temporal lobes	140
9847651094	outer ear	pinna (ear), auditory canal	141
9847651095	middle ear	ear drum, hammer, anvil, stirrup (bones vibrate to send signals)	142
9847651096	inner ear	cochlea	143
9847651097	place theory	location where hair cells bends to determine sound (high pitches)	144
9847651098	frequency theory	rate at which action potentials are sent determines sound (low pitches)	145
9847651099	pathway of touch	mechanoreceptors - spinal cord - thalamus - somatosensory cortex	146
9847651100	gate-control theory	we have a "gate" to control how much pain is experienced	147
9847651101	kinesthetic sense	sense of body position	148
9847651102	vestibular sense	sense of balance (semicircular canals in inner ear effect this)	149
9847651103	taste (gustation)	5 receptors: bitter, salty, sweet, sour, umami (savory)	150
9847651104	smell (olfaction)	only sense that doesn't go through the thalamus, first goes to temporal lobe and amygdala	151
9847651105	gestalt psychology	whole is greater than the sum of its parts	152
9847651106	figure/ground	organize info into figures objects (figures) that stand apart from surrounds (background)	153
9847651107	closure	tendency to mentally fill in gaps	154
9847651108	proximity	tendency to group things together that appear near each other	155
9847651109	similarity	tendency to group things together based off looks	156
9847651110	continuity	tendency to mentally form a continuous line	157
9847651111	higher-level of consciousness	controlled processes - totally aware	158
9847651112	lower-level of consciousness	automatic processing (daydreaming, phone numbers)	159
9847651113	altered state of consciousness	produced through drugs, fatigue, and hypnosis	160
9847651114	subconscious	sleeping and dreaming	161
9847651115	metacognition	thinking about thinking	162
9847651116	beta waves	awake	163
9847651117	alpha waves	high amplitude; drowsy	164
9847651118	stage 1 of sleep	light sleep	165
9847651119	stage 2 of sleep	bursts of sleep spindles	166
9847651120	stages 3 of sleep	delta waves; deep sleep	167
9847651121	stage 4 of sleep	extremely deep sleep	168
9847651122	Rapid Eye Movement (REM)	dreaming	169
9847651123	length of a sleep cycle	90 minutes	170
9847651124	circadian rhythm	24 hour biological clock	171
9847651125	insomnia	inability to fall asleep (due to stress/anxiety)	172
9847651126	sleep walking	due to fatigue, drugs, or alcohol	173
9847651127	night terrors	extreme nightmares - not in REM sleep - typically in children	174
9847651128	narcolepsy	fall asleep out of nowhere; due to deficiency in orexin	175
9847651129	sleep apnea	aka snoring; stop breathing suddenly while asleep; due to obesity usually	176