AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

13917084048	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13917084049	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13917084050	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13917084051	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13917084052	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13917084053	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13917084054	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13917084055	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13917084056	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13917084057	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13917084058	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13917084059	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13917084060	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13917084061	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13917084062	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13917084063	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13917084064	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13917084065	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13917084066	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13917084067	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13917084068	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13917084069	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13917084070	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13917084071	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13917084072	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13917084073	dependent variable	measured variable	25
13917084074	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13917084075	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13917084076	theory	general idea being tested	28
13917084077	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13917084078	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13917084079	mode	appears the most in a set	31
13917084080	mean	average	32
13917084081	median	middle	33
13917084082	range	highest - lowest	34
13917084083	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13917084084	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13917084085	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13917084086	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13917084087	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13917084088	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13917084089	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13917084090	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13917084285	neuron		43
13917084091	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13917084092	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13917084093	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13917084094	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13917084095	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13917084096	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13917084097	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13917084098	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13917084099	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13917084100	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13917084101	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13917084102	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13917084103	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13917084104	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13917084105	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13917084106	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13917084107	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13917084108	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13917084109	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13917084110	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13917084111	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13917084112	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13917084113	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13917084114	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13917084115	cerebellum	controls walking and coordinating	68
13917084116	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13917084117	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13917084118	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13917084119	hippocampus	part of brain that processes new memory	72
13917084120	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13917084121	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13917084122	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13917084123	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13917084124	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13917084125	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13917084126	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13917084127	occipital lobe	vision	80
13917084128	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13917084129	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13917084130	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13917084131	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13917084132	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13917084133	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13917084134	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13917084135	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13917084136	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13917084137	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13917084138	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13917084139	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13917084140	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13917084141	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13917084142	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13917084143	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13917084144	rods	helps see during the night time	97
13917084145	cones	color	98
13917084146	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13917084147	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13917084148	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13917084149	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13917084150	human voice	frequency we hear most	103
13917084151	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13917084152	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13917084153	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13917084154	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13917084155	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13917084156	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13917084157	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13917084158	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13917084159	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13917084160	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13917084161	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13917084162	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13917084163	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13917084164	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13917084165	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13917084166	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13917084167	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13917084168	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13917084169	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13917084170	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13917084171	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13917084172	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13917084173	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13917084174	dreams	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 3. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13917084175	purpose of dreaming	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13917084176	What does hypnosis do?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13917084177	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13917084178	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13917084179	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13917084180	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13917084181	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13917084182	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13917084183	caffeine	((stimulant)) people forget that it is addictive	136
13917084184	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13917084185	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13917084186	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13917084187	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13917084188	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13917084189	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13917084190	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13917084191	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13917084192	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13917084193	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13917084194	observational psychologist	Bandura	147
13917084195	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13917084196	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13917084197	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13917084198	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13917084199	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13917084200	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13917084201	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13917084202	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13917084203	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13917084204	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13917084205	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13917084206	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13917084207	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13917084208	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13917084209	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13917084210	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13917084211	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13917084212	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13917084213	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13917084214	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13917084215	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13917084216	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13917084217	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13917084218	shows mirroring	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13917084219	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13917084220	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13917084221	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13917084222	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13917084223	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13917084224	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13917084225	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13917084226	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13917084227	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13917084228	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13917084229	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13917084230	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13917084231	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13917084232	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13917084233	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13917084234	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13917084235	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13917084236	encoding	information going in	189
13917084237	storage	keeping information in	190
13917084238	retrieval	taking information out	191
13917084239	time sensory memory is stored	stored for seconds	192
13917084240	short-term memory	stored for less than a minute	193
13917084241	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13917084242	4	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	195
13917084243	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13917084244	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13917084245	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13917084246	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13917084247	long-term memory	amount stored is LIMITLESS	200
13917084248	implicit memory	retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection	201
13917084249	explicit memory	retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare	202
13917084250	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13917084251	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13917084252	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13917084253	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13917084254	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13917084255	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13917084256	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13917084257	semantic encoding	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13917084258	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	if we can't remember a memory	211
13917084259	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13917084260	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13917084261	source amnesia	can not remember where the memory/information comes from	214
13917084262	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13917084263	context	environment helps with memory	216
13917084264	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13917084265	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13917084266	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13917084267	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13917084268	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13917084269	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13917084270	3	children can't remember before age	223
13917084271	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13917084272	prototypes	generalize	225
13917084273	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13917084274	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13917084275	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13917084276	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13917084277	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13917084278	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13917084279	grammar is	universal	232
13917084280	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13917084281	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234