AP REVIEW Flashcards

13949086249	adaptation	characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments	0
13949102676	adaptative radiation	emergence of numerous species from single common ancestor introduced into an environment	1
13949105548	allele	different forms of a gene	2
13949108015	allopatric speciation	the formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another	3
13949113534	analogous structures	similarities among unrelated species that result from convergent evolution	4
13949117534	antibiotic resistance	the ability of bacteria to withstand the effects of an antibiotic	5
13949117535	artificial selection	selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring	6
13949119906	bottleneck effect	a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size	7
13949122875	cladogram	a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species	8
13949124929	clade	group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants	9
13949127163	common ancestor	the most recent ancestral form or species from which two different species evolved	10
13949131798	convergent evolution	the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages	11
13949134774	directional selection	occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait	12
13949137805	disruptive selection	form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle	13
13949145703	divergent evolution	when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time	14
13949145704	emigration	movement of individuals out of an area	15
13949149512	evolution	descent with modification, change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation	16
13949154590	fertility	the production of offspring within a population	17
13949157155	founder effect	change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population	18
13949159014	gene flow	movement of alleles from one population to another	19
13949162486	gene pool	all the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time	20
13949164877	genetic drift	random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations	21
13949167395	homologous structures	similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor	22
13949170374	hybrid	offspring that result from an interspecific mating	23
13949188237	immigration	migration to a new location	24
13949190802	isolation types	pre-zygotic includes sexual, geographic, ecological, behavioral, temporal, and mechanical & post-zygotic includes hybrid sterility, hybrid inviability, zygote mortality	25
13949199327	limited resources	the condition of there not being enough resources to fulfill all wants and needs	26
13949202616	mutation	a random error in gene replication that leads to a change	27
13949205985	natural selection	individuals with certain inherited traits leave more offspring than individuals with other traits	28
13949210438	outgroup	generally, any group that one does not belong to	29
13949212697	phenotype	physical characteristics of an organism	30
13949218456	phylogenetic tree	diagram showing evolutionary relationships of organisms with a common ancestor; resembles a tree	31
13949218457	population	group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area	32
13949222000	protobiont	a collection of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure	33
13949224133	random mating	no selective mating in which animals choose mate depending on phenotype	34
13949227197	reproductive isolation	separation of a species or population so that they no longer interbreed and evolve into two separate species	35
13949234612	serial endosymbiosis	supposes that mitochondria evolved before plastids through a sequence of endosymbiotic events	36
13949236893	sexual selection	individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	37
13949243198	speciation	the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution	38
13949245571	species	a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	39
13949245572	stabilizing selection	form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end	40
13949251076	sterility	the inability to reproduce	41
13949251077	sympatric speciation	the formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area	42
13949256328	variation	differences in physical traits of an individual from the group to which it belongs	43
13949258342	vestigial organs	organ that serves no useful function in an organism	44
13949261001	viability	ability to exist	45
13949312814	anabolic reactions	build up large chemicals and require energy	46
13949320270	apomixis	asexual production of seeds	47
13949324792	asexual reproduction	process by which a single parent reproduces by itself	48
13949327561	adenosine triphosphate	atp	49
13949330436	atp synthase	large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP	50
13949334281	binary fission	a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size	51
13949338743	biotic	living	52
13949338744	budding	a form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent	53
13949340919	calvin cycle	reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars (light-independent)	54
13949349507	catabolic reactions	break down large chemicals and release energy	55
13949352935	chemiosmosis	a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme	56
13949355682	chloroplast	organelle found in cells of plants that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy	57
13949358592	community	all the different populations that live together in an area	58
13949360577	competitive inhibitor	a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics	59
13949366587	concentration gradient	difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another	60
13949375311	consumer	organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms	61
13949379499	cooperativity	allosteric regulation where a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the other subunits, facilitating binding of additional substrate molecules to those subunits	62
13949400355	courtship behavior	behavior that allows males and females of the same species to recognize each other and prepare to mate	63
13949405777	cryptic coloration	camouflage that makes a potential prey difficult to spot against its background	64
13949408730	cuticle	waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation	65
13949416548	photophosphorylation	process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis	66
13949422286	cytoskeleton	network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement	67
13949427593	diffusion	movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration	68
13949441368	ecosystem	biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment	69
13949443477	endergonic reaction	non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings	70
13949453724	energy coupling	the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one	71
13949455892	enthalpy	the heat content of a system	72
13949455893	entropy	a measure of the disorder of a system	73
13949457739	exergonic reaction	spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy	74
13949465502	facilitated diffusion	process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels	75
13949468261	feedback inhibition	a method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway	76
13949474448	fermentation	catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid	77
13949481604	g protein	a protein that binds the energy-rich molecule GTP	78
13949481605	glycolysis	the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid	79
13949486150	golgi apparatus	stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	80
13949510250	homeostasis	process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment	81
13949510251	hypertonic	solution with greater concentration of solutes (water leaving)	82
13949520234	hypotonic	solution with lesser concentration of solutes (water entering)	83
13949526499	isotonic	when the concentration of two solutions is the same	84
13949530352	krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)	second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions	85
13949533014	lysosome	an organelle containing digestive enzymes	86
13949533015	metabolism	all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism	87
13949542275	meiosis	a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell	88
13949555474	mitochondria	bean-shaped organelle that supplies energy to the cell and has its own ribosomes and DNA (power house of the cell)	89
13949558162	mitosis	part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides	90
13949560516	negative feedback	a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus	91
13949564030	net primary productivity	the rate at which biomass accumulates in an ecosystem	92
13949567616	nucleus	control center of the cell	93
13949582087	osmoconformer	organism that allows its internal concentration of salts to change in order to match the external concentration of salts in the surrounding water	94
13949584214	osmoregulatory	control of levels of solutes in cells	95
13949587976	osmosis	diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane	96
13949587977	passive transport	the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell	97
13949589884	periodic disturbances	a temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem	98
13949592089	pheromones	odorless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of one's species	99
13949594694	photosynthesis	conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy	100
13949594695	phylogeny	evolutionary history of a species or group of species	101
13949596933	positive feedback	feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output	102
13949602460	primary succession	succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists	103
13949605686	producer	organism that makes its own food	104
13949607623	regeneration	replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells	105
13949607624	ribosome	site of protein synthesis	106
13949613048	rough ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes	107
13949618209	endoplasmic reticulum	system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids	108
13949620912	RuBisCo	the most abundant protein on earth -- performs Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle	109
13949626631	secondary succession	type of succession that occurs in an area that was only partially destroyed by disturbances	110
13949650793	sexual reproduction	type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism	111
13949652794	smooth ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes	112
13949655595	transcription factor	regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes	113
13949656962	trophic levels	levels of nourishment in a food chain	114
13949665549	vegetative reproduction	a form of asexual reproduction in which offspring grow from a part of a parent plant	115
13949802295	alternative splicing	splicing of introns in a pre-mRNA that occurs in different ways, leading to different mRNAs that code for different proteins -- increases the diversity of proteins	116
13949808869	aneuploidy	the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell	117
13949811049	cell plate	the precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides a cell into two	118
13949813512	centromere	region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach	119
13949816882	cleavage furrow	area of the animal cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell	120
13949822601	codominance	condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive	121
13949826533	conjugation	temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer	122
13949829977	crossing over	the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring	123
13949833356	cytokinesis	division of the cytoplasm	124
13949833357	DNA	complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes	125
13949836637	DNA ligase	an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments	126
13949839214	DNA methylation	adding a methyl group to DNA	127
13949839215	DNA polymerase	enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the new DNA strand	128
13949844562	DNA replication	process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself	129
13949855075	epistasis	a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus	130
13949855077	genotype	genetic makeup of an organism	131
13949856980	helicase	enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks	132
13949860163	hemizygous	gene present on the X chromosome that is expressed in males in both the recessive and dominant condition	133
13949863215	heterochromatin	eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed	134
13949865484	heterozygous	having two different alleles for a trait	135
13949865485	homologous chromosomes	chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure	136
13949870822	homozygous	having two identical alleles for a trait	137
13949873072	incomplete dominance	situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele	138
13949877106	independent assortment	independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes	139
13949881375	inducible operon	operon under positive control, usually "off" but can be turned "on"	140
13949884632	kinetochore	specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle	141
13949889475	lagging strand	discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork	142
13949892446	leading strand	the new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction	143
13949894691	linked traits	genes that do NOT assort independently because they are on the same chromosome	144
13949894692	lysogenic cycle	a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA	145
13949897232	lytic cycle	a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses	146
13949897233	mendelian genetics	pattern of inheriting characteristics that follows the laws formulated by Gregor Mendel	147
13949915451	nondisjunction	error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate	148
13949915452	nucleotide	monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base	149
13949917062	operon	group of genes operating together	150
13949918906	pilus	a protein filament that projects from the surface of some prokaryotic cells (hair-like)	151
13949924919	polygenic inheritance	combined effect of two or more genes on a single character	152
13949924920	polyploidy	condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes	153
13949928507	purine	a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine	154
13949928525	pyrimidine	a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil	155
13949930368	repressible operon	transcription is usually on, but can be inhibited (repressed) when a specific small molecule binds allosterically to a regulatory protein	156
13949932283	RNA	single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose	157
13949962146	sex-linked traits	traits that are inherited with sex chromosomes	158
13949962147	splicing	removal of introns and connection of exons	159
13949964876	synapsis	the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis	160
13949967065	telomere	repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome	161
13949967066	transduction	conversion of one form of energy into another	162
13949968979	transformation	process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria	163
13949974264	active site	a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction	164
13949977271	alimentary canal	digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus	165
13949991649	allosteric regulation	binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site	166
13949994034	alveoli	air sacs in the lungs	167
13949996472	amino acid	monomer of protein	168
13950001521	atom	the basic unit of a chemical element	169
13950001522	atomic mass	the weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element	170
13950006086	atomic number	number of protons	171
13950006087	atomic weight	the number of protons plus the number of neutrons	172
13950011940	atrium	upper chamber of the heart	173
13950011941	carbohydrate	compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body	174
13950014539	cell wall	strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in plant cells	175
13950018771	centriole	structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division	176
13950018772	cholesterol	lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids	177
13950025249	coenzyme	organic cofactor	178
13950025250	cofactor	nonprotein component	179
13950028476	covalent bond	a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons	180
13950034232	disaccharide	any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues	181
13950036646	electron	negatively charged particle	182
13950041493	fatty acid	hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid	183
13950250005	flame cell	specialized cell that filters and removes excess water from the body of a flatworm	184
13950257962	glycolipids	carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipids	185
13950260054	hormone	the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect	186
13950260055	hydrogen bond	weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom	187
13950262563	hydrophilic	water loving	188
13950264441	hydrophobic	water hating	189
13950267041	invasive species	plants and animals that have migrated to places where they are not native	190
13950267042	ionic bond	the attraction between oppositely charged ions	191
13950268846	isotope	atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons	192
13950270924	keystone species	a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically	193
13950273213	kidney	organ that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from the blood and passes them to the ureter	194
13950275159	malphigian tubule	saclike organs that extract waste from blood.	195
13950279108	nephridia	excretory organs that filter fluid in the coelom	196
13950283263	neuron	nerve cell	197
13950285561	neurotransmitter	chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons	198
13950285562	neutron	no charge	199
13950285563	niche	an organism's particular role in an ecosystem	200
13950300431	nonpolar covalent bond	a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms	201
13950304640	nucleolus	produces ribosomes	202
13950311479	peptide bond	covalent bond formed between amino acids	203
13950311480	phagocytosis	process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell	204
13950313025	phospholipid	a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes	205
13950321547	plasma membrane	selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells	206
13950325419	polar covalent bond	covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally	207
13950325420	polysaccharide	large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides	208
13950328133	proton	positive charge	209
13950330197	radioactive isotope	isotope whose nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy	210
13950333085	steroid	lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings	211
13950336445	substrate	reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction	212
13950339433	triglyceride	a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule	213
13950339434	valence electrons	electrons in the outermost shell	214
13950341527	Van der Waals interactions	individually weak and occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together	215
13950361181	ventricle	lower chamber of the heart	216