AP Biology: Chapter 25 Flashcards
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| 9673073353 | Phylogeny | the evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species | 0 | |
| 9673075480 | Systematics | the study of biological diversity and classification, uses evidence from the fossil record, etc. to reconstruct phylogeny, fuses phylogeny and taxonomy | 1 | |
| 9673081485 | Taxonomy | the modern system was developed by Linnaeus in the 18th century | 2 | |
| 9673086061 | Scientific names | are composed of the genus and species name, are written in Latin and italicized or underlined, governed by a set of rules/procedures, and are subject to change | 3 | |
| 9673097601 | Linnaeus taxonomy | has to do with 1. binomial nomenclature, 2. hierarchal system | 4 | |
| 9673104592 | Binomial nomenclature | two names per organism (ex: Homo sapien) | 5 | |
| 9673111464 | Hierarchal system | arranges life into groups from domain to species | 6 | |
| 9673116229 | Goal of systematics | have taxonomy reflect evolution or phylogeny of organisms | 7 | |
| 9673119707 | Phylogenetic tree | a branched diagram showing evolutionary relationships between organisms, a recreation of Darwin's tree of life, can show ancestral lineage, branch points (nodes), and the length of a branch point suggests "time" and degree of closeness | 8 | |
| 9673128374 | Monophyletic grouping | an ideal situation; a single ancestor gave rise to all species in a taxon ("a" in picture) |  | 9 |
| 9673135228 | Polyphyletic grouping | members are derived from two or more ancestral forms ("b" in picture) | | 10 |
| 9673138223 | Paraphyletic grouping | grouping that doesn't include all members from an ancestral form ("c" in picture) | | 11 |
| 9673166333 | Homology | a likeness attributed to shared ancestry (ex: forelimbs of vertebrates) | 12 | |
| 9673168432 | Analogy | a likeness due to the evolutionary "solution" for the same problem (ex: bird wings and bee wings) | 13 | |
| 9673171693 | Convergent evolution | where an unrelated species have similar adaptations to a common environment (ex: sugar gliders and flying squirrels; sharks and dolphins) | 14 | |
| 9673178139 | Molecular systematics | a method of grouping organisms by similarities and phylogenies, compares similarities at the molecular level (ex: DNA, proteins) | 15 | |
| 9673185441 | DNA patterns | if organisms have similar DNA, then they are more closely related and have a more recent common ancestor, and vice versa | 16 | |
| 9673189686 | Making a phylogenetic tree | one may use morphology, genetic data, etc., typically rooted in a common ancestor, look for line of best fit, branch lengths suggest closeness of relationships and the time of branch points | 17 | |
| 9673194417 | Best fit | involves looking for maximum parsimony | 18 | |
| 9673196682 | Maximum parsimony | requires fewest DNA base changes or evolutionary events (Occam's razor) | 19 | |
| 9673242879 | Evolutionary history | is in the organism's genome, but taxonomic relationships can be changed based on what the DNA tells us; result: taxonomy will become geneologies, reflecting the organism's descent with modification | 20 | |
| 9673254378 | Kingdom | the highest taxonomic category in the Linnaeus system; there only used to be two of these in the old system (plant and animal), but the new system has five (plantae, fungi, animalia, protista, and monera) | 21 | |
| 9673267069 | Main characteristics in determining kingdom | cell type, structure, nutrition mode (but there are problems in monera and protista) | 22 | |
| 9673277157 | Domain | level of classification above kingdoms, based on molecular structure for evolutionary relationships, but prokaryotes are not all alike and aren't put into one group; there are three of these (eukarya, bacteria, and archaea) | 23 |