AP Bio Biochem unit Flashcards

Unit one: The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of life

13057816159	Matter	Anything that takes up space and has mass.	0
13057816160	Element	Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances through chemical reactions. Each has a symbol. 92 occurring in nature.	1
13057816161	Compound	Substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. *Characteristics different than those of its elements	2
13057816162	CHON	4 elements essential to life	3
13057816163	Trace Elements	Required by an organism only in minute quantities.	4
13057816164	Atom	Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. Composed of subatomic particles. Mostly empty space.	5
13057816165	Subatomic particles	Neutrons, protons, electrons. Make up atoms.	6
13057816166	Proton	One unit of positive charge. Approximately one dalton. Located in nucleus.	7
13057816167	Electron	One unit of negative charge. Located outside of nucleus.	8
13057816168	Atomic Nucleus	Dense core packed with protons and neutrons.	9
13057816169	Neutrons	Electrically neutral. Approximately one dalton.	10
13057816170	Atomic Number	The number of protons (which is unique to that element) and written as a subscript to left of element symbol. Also tells us number of electrons since P=E if atom is neutral	11
13057816171	Mass Number	Sum of the protons and the neutrons. An approximation of the atomic mass.	12
13057816172	Isotopes	Same number of protons, but different number of neutrons and therefore different mass. Same element.	13
13057816173	Radioactive Isotope	One in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy. Can decay to a different element. Have useful applications.	14
13057816174	Energy	Capacity to cause change	15
13057816175	Potential Energy	Energy matter possesses because of its location or structure. Electrons have this based on distance from nucleus.	16
13057816176	Electron Shells	Where electrons are found, each with characteristic average distance and energy level. Electrons can change these by absorbing or losing energy.	17
13057816177	Valence Electrons	Electrons in the outermost shell.	18
13057816178	Chemical Bonds	The attraction that holds atoms together during an interaction.	19
13057816179	Covalent Bond	Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.	20
13057816180	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	21
13057816181	Single Bond	One pair of shared electrons.	22
13057816182	Structural Formula	H--H. Notation which represents both atoms and bonding.	23
13057816183	Double Bond	Sharing two pairs of valence electrons.	24
13057816184	Valence	Bonding capacity. Equal to the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the outermost (valence) shell.	25
13057816185	Electronegativity	The attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.	26
13057816186	Nonpolar Covalent Bond	Covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally.	27
13057816187	Polar Covalent Bond	Where one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom and the electrons of the bond are not shared equally.	28
13057816188	Ionic Bonds	The attraction of cations and anions. The transfer of electrons creates ions which form an ionic bond.	29
13057816189	Ion	A charged atom.	30
13057816190	Cation	A positively charged atom.	31
13057816191	Anion	A negatively charged atom.	32
13057816192	Ionic Compounds	Or Salts. Compounds formed by ionic bonds.	33
13057816193	Hydrogen Bond	When a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.	34
13057816194	van der Waals Interactions	Ever changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another.	35
13057816195	Molecular Shape	Determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another.	36
13057816196	Reactants	The starting materials of a chemical reaction.	37
13057816197	Products	The resulting material of a chemical reaction.	38
13057816198	Chemical Equilibrium	The point at which the relative concentrations of the products and the reactants stop changing and offset one another exactly.	39
13057816245	Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids	Name the 4 types of macromolecules	40
13057816246	Metabolism	All the chemical conversions that occur within a cell Metabolism = anabolism + catabolism	41
13057816247	Catabolism	Conversion of complex organic molecules into smaller molecules by breaking chemical bonds	42
13057816248	Anabolism	Conversion of small organic molecules by forming chemical bonds between smaller molecules	43
13057816249	Hydrolysis	Pocess that is the reverse of dehydration synthesis. In __________, or water breakage, the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule.	44
13057816250	Dehydration synthesis	Reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded, with the loss of a water molecule	45
13057816251	Polymers	Long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.	46
13057816252	Glycosidic linkage	In carbohydrates, monosaccharides are joined together in a covalent bond called __________ _______.	47
13057816253	Monosaccharides	Carbohydrates are made up of _______________.	48
13057816254	Monosaccharide	The monomer in a carbohydrate is a(n) ______________. EX: Glucose	49
13057816255	Disaccharide	Two monosaccharides covalently bonded form a ____________. EX: Sucrose	50
13057816256	Polysaccharide	Three or more monosaccharides linked together form a ______________.	51
13057816257	Glycosidic linkage	The bond in a carbohydrate is a(n) __________ _______.	52
13057816258	Chitin; cellulose	Two examples of structural carbohydrates are ______ and _________.	53
13057816259	Cellulose	Polymer of β glucose monomers that is found in plant cell walls	54
13057816260	Glycogen; starch	Stored carbohydrate in an animal is called ________; in a plant, it is ______.	55
13057816261	α glucose	Starch and glycogen are polymers of ________ molecules.	56
13057816262	Polymers	Lipids are the only large biological molecules that do not form __________.	57
13057816263	Lipids	Cushioning of organs, insulation, and energy storage are three functions of ___________.	58
13057816264	Glycerol; fatty acid chains	Triglyceride is composed of a ______ and three ____ _____ ______.	59
13057816265	Unsaturated fats	Fats with one or more double covalent bonds, which is less likely to solidify and more flexible.	60
13057816266	Phospholipid	Basic structural component of cell membranes, with a polar/hydrophilic head region and a nonpolar/hydrophobic tail region, giving membranes their selective permeability.	61
13057816267	Steroid	Lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of hydrogen-fused rings.	62
13057816268	HDL	Good cholesterol is called ___ ____________. HINT: Keep your ____ HIGH :-)	63
13057816269	LDL	The bad cholesterol, which can harden in arteries. HINT: Keep your ____ LOW :-)	64
13057816270	Ester linkage	In a triglyceride, the ---OH of glycerol loses a H and the ---COOH of the fatty acid chain loses a ---OH which joins to form water in a(n) _____ _______.	65
13057816271	Amino acid	The monomer in a protein is a(n) _____ ____.	66
13057816272	Amino; carboxyl; R	Amino acids are formed of a(n) _____ group with a(n) ________ group and a(n) _ group side chain.	67
13057816273	20	# different amino acids which can assemble according to genetic code to make different proteins.	68
13057816274	Peptide	In a _______ bond, the ---COOH group in one amino acid loses an ---OH and the ---NH2 group in another amino acid loses a H.	69
13057816275	Polypeptide	The polymer in a protein is a(n) ___________.	70
13057816276	3D structure	The amino acid sequence ultimately determine the __ _________ of proteins.	71
13057816277	Structure	A protein's _________ determines its function.	72
13057816278	Primary	At the _______ level of protein structure, a linear sequence of amino acids is joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide.	73
13057816279	Secondary	At the _________ level of protein structure, hydrogen bonds form between the partial positive hydrogen atom of amine groups and the partial negative oxygen atom of carboxyl groups.	74
13057816280	β Pleated Sheet	__ ___________ ______________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.	75
13057816281	α Helix	___ ___________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.	76
13057816282	Tertiary	At the ________ level of protein structure, various chemical associations in precise regions of a polypeptide cause it to fold into a 3D shape that will determine its function.	77
13057816283	Quaternary	At the __________ level of protein structure, 2 to 4 completely formed polypeptides combine.	78
13057816284	Sickle cell anemia	In this disease, one amino acid at the primary level (valine) replaces glutamic acid and the result is a distorted shape at the subsequent levels.	79
13057816285	Hormonal	Insulin and glucagon are examples of _________ proteins.	80
13057816286	Receptor	________ proteins are embedded in all membranes and allow cells to interact with molecules and other cells.	81
13057816287	Contractile/Movement	___________ proteins, such as actin and myosin, are found in muscle cells.	82
13057816288	Transport	_____________ proteins move molecules into and out of cells.	83
13057816289	Defensive	_________ proteins, like antibodies, are produced in response to antigens and bind to them.	84
13057816290	Denaturation	Excessive heat can cause ____________, in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape.	85
13057816291	Chaperonins	Assist in the proper folding of the protein by keeping the polypeptide segregated from disruptive chemical conditions in the cytoplasmic and create a hydrophilic environment for folding polypeptides	86
13057816292	Nucleotides	Nucleic acids are composed of ___________.	87
13057816293	Polynucleotide	The polymer in a nucleic acid is a(n) ______________.	88
13057816294	Phosphodiester bonds	Nucleotides link together via ________ _____ to form nucleic acid.	89
13057816295	Ribose	The sugar in RNA is ______.	90
13057816296	deoxyribose	The sugar in DNA is ______.	91
13057816297	A, T, C, G	The nitrogenous bases in DNA are ____.	92
13057816298	A, U, C, G	The nitrogenous bases in RNA are ____.	93
13057816299	Hydrogen	Nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA form complementary base pairs by forming ____________ bonds.	94
13057816300	sugars; phosphate groups	The backbone of DNA and RNA molecules is composed of alternating _____________ and ______________.	95
13057816199	organic chemistry	The study of carbon & hydrogen compounds (organic compounds).	96
13057816301	carbon	this atom has 4 electrons in valence shell and can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms	97
13057816200	hydrocarbon	An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.	98
13057816201	isomer	One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types are structural, geometric, and enantiomers.	99
13057816202	structural isomer	One or several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms. (DIFFERENT SHAPE)	100
13057816203	geometric isomer	One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds (DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT)	101
13057816204	enantiomer	One or two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon. (MIRROR IMAGE)	102
13057816205	estradiol	A steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics; the major estrogen in mammals.	103
13057816206	testosterone	Asteroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals.	104
13057816207	functional groups	A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.	105
13057816208	hydroxyl group	A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.	106
13057816209	ketone group	A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen (must be in middle of chain)	107
13057816302	ester group	A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to another oxygen (must be in middler of chain)	108
13057816303	aldehyde group	A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to hydrogen (must be at end of chain)	109
13057816210	carboxyl group	A chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group	110
13057816304	ionized carboxyl group	A chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a negatively charged oxygen	111
13057816211	amino group	A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1⁺	112
13057816212	sulfhydryl group	A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.	113
13057816213	phosphate group	A chemical group consisting of a phosphate atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer.	114
13057816214	polar covalent	type of bond in water? Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen and the electrons of the polar bonds spend more time near oxygen thus, making oxygen more negativity charged and hydrogen more positively charged	115
13057816215	Cohesion	holding a substance together	116
13057816216	Adhesion	clinging of a substance to another	117
13057816217	Capillary action	the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid, which causes the liquid to rise or fall Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without assistance. It occurs because of intermolecular forces between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of surface tension (which is caused by cohesion within the liquid) and adhesive forces between the liquid and container wall act to propel the liquid. When adhesion > cohesion, capillary action occurs.	118
13057816218	Surface Tension	A measure of how difficult it is to break/stretch a surface	119
13057816219	Kinetic Energy	energy of motion	120
13057816220	Heat	total kinetic energy due to molecular motion	121
13057816221	Calorie	amount of heat it takes to move 1 gram of substance 1 degree Celsius higher	122
13057816222	Temperature	intensity of heat due to average kinetic energy	123
13057816223	Specific heat	amount of heat needed to be absorbed /lost to change the temperature by 1 degree Celsius water has a high _____.	124
13057816224	water	1 calorie/1 gram/I degree Celsius is the specific heat of ____.	125
13057816225	Evaporative cooling	remains of a liquid cool down	126
13057816226	vaporization	amount of heat needed to turn liquid into gas	127
13057816227	evaporation	process of liquid becoming gas	128
13057816228	How does the density of water contribute to aquatic life?	if ice sank, ponds/oceans/lakes would freeze solid, killing the life (during the summer only top would thaw) instead the floating ice insulates liquid water from below preventing it from freezing and killing animals	129
13057816229	solution	liquid completely homogeneous of two or more substances	130
13057816230	solvent	dissolving agent	131
13057816231	solute	substance dissolved	132
13057816232	aqueous solution	water is solvent	133
13057816233	hydration shell	sphere of water molecules around dissolved ions	134
13057816234	hydrophobic	water hating substances	135
13057816305	hydrophilic	water loving substances	136
13057816235	mole	the molecular weightof a substance expressed in grams (6.02 x 10^23)	137
13057816236	molarity	concentration measured by number of mols/liter of solution	138
13057816237	hydrogen ion	H+	139
13057816238	hydroxide ion	OH-	140
13057816239	hydronium ion	H30+	141
13057816240	acids	increase H+ concentration	142
13057816241	bases	reduce H+ concentration	143
13057816242	pH scale	measures concentration of H+ (scale from 1-14)	144
13057816243	buffers	substance that minimizes changes in H+/OH- concentration	145
13057816244	acid precipitation	presence of sulfur oxides/nitrogen oxides and gaseous compounds react with air and goes into lakes, oceans, and soil, affecting animal life	146