AP Human Geography - Development Flashcards

13628148070	Biomass Fuel	Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste	0
13628148071	Fair Trade	An alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organization, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards	1
13628148072	Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)	Investment made by a foreign company (transnational) in the economy of another country	2
13628148073	Fossil Fuel	An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago	3
13628148074	Fracking (Hydraulic Fracturing)	The pumping of water at high pressure to break apart rocks in order to release natural gas	4
13628148075	Gender Inequality Index (GII)	A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality	5
13628148076	Geothermal Energy	Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks	6
13628148077	Gross Domestic Produce (GDP)	The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year)	7
13628148078	Human Development Index (HDI)	An indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, that is based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy	8
13628148079	Hydroelectric Power	Power generated from moving water	9
13628148080	Literacy Rate	The percentage of a country's people who can read and write	10
13628148081	Nonrenewable Energy	A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted	11
13628148082	Productivity	The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it	12
13628148083	Renewable Energy	A source that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans	13
13628148084	Structural Adjustment Program	Economies policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services	14
13628148085	Gross National Product (GNP)	The total value of all goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year. It includes all goods and services produced by corporations and individuals of a country, whether or not they are located within the country	15
13628148086	Gross Domestic Product (GDP)	The total value of all goods and services produced within a country during a given year	16
13628148087	Per Capita GNP	The Gross National Product (GNP) of a given country divided by its population	17
13628148088	Formal Economy	The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's Gross National Product (GNP); as opposed to an informal economy	18
13628148089	Informal Economy	Economic activity that is neither taxes nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product (GNP); as opposed to a formal economy	19
13628148090	Modernization Model	A model of economic development most closely associated with the work of economist Walter Rostow. The modernization model (sometimes referred to as modernization theory) maintains that all countries go through five interrelated stages of development, which culminate in an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption	20
13628148091	Structuralist Theory	A general term for a model of economic development that treats economic disparities among countries or regions as the result of historically derived power relations within the global economic system	21
13628148092	Dependency Theory	A structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations ( especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop	22
13628148093	World-Systems Theory	Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world.	23
13628148094	Three-Tier Structure	With reference to Immanuel Wallerstein's world-systems theory, the division of the world into the core, the periphery, and the semi-periphery as a means to help explain the interconnections between places in the global economy	24
13628148095	Export Processing Zones	Zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment	25
13628148096	Special Economic Zones	Specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment	26
13628148097	Informal Economy (Informal Sector)	The part of a national economy that involves productive labor not subject to formal systems of control of control or payment; economic activity or individual enterprise operating without official recognition or measured by official statistics	27
13628148098	Trickle-Down Effect (Spread Effect)	The diffusion outward of the benefits of economic growth and prosperity from the power center or core area to poorer districts and people	28
13628148099	Underdevelopment	A level of economic and social achievement below what could be reached--given the natural and human resources of an area--were necessary capital and technology available	29
13628148100	Gross National Income (GNI)	The total value of goods and services produced by a country per year plus net income earned abroad by its nationals; formerly called "gross national product"	30