AP Biology- Signal Transduction Flashcards
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| 11290555078 | Intracellular Signals | Proteins located into the cytoplasm or nucleus that receive a signal that can pass through the cell membrane. |  | 0 |
| 11290570380 | Give an example and non- exampl of an intracellular signal. | EX: Steroids (Hormones) Non-EX: Nitric Oxide | 1 | |
| 11290583327 | Transduction | Cascades or molecular interactions that relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell. | 2 | |
| 11290597877 | Transduction multi-step pathways can... | 1: Amplify a signal by activating multiple choices of the next component in the pathway. 2: Provide more opportunities for coordination and regulation. | 3 | |
| 11290620595 | A each step in the transduction pathway, the signal is _______ into a different form, commonly known as a _______ in a protein. | transduced; conformational change. | 4 | |
| 11290626464 | Kinases can | Turn on Processes | 5 | |
| 11290634945 | Phosphatase can | Turn off processes. | 6 | |
| 11290638647 | Protein Phosphorylation | Has many signal pathway including phosphorylation cascades. |  | 7 |
| 11290653439 | phosphorylation cascades | Process in which a series of enzymes called protein kinases add a phosphate from ATP to a protein to the next one in line, activating it. |  | 8 |
| 11290669206 | Dephosphoryation | Occurs when phosphatase enzymes remove the phosphates from the protein. | 9 | |
| 11290701719 | Benefits of multi-step transduction process (3) | 1: Amplify the response to the signal. 2: Contribute to the specificity of the response. 3: It is a rapid and reversible response. | 10 | |
| 11290713903 | Secondary Messengers | Small, non-protein, water-soluble molecules or ions that pass a signal; spread via diffusion. |  | 11 |
| 11290725884 | Examples of Secondary Messengers (4) | cAMP, GMP, Ca2+, IP2- | 12 | |
| 11290729531 | cAMP | A form of AMP made directly from ATP by adenylyl cyclase; short- lived, activates a number of protein kinases. | | 13 |
| 11290748331 | Calcium Ions | When released into the cytosol of a cell, it can regulate its concentration and used as a messenger in G-Protein and Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Pathways. | 14 | |
| 11290775105 | Inositol Triphosphate (IP3-) | Attached to phospholipids of a cell membrane and sent to calcium channel on the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Aids in flow of Calcium Ions into the cytoplasm from the ER. |  | 15 |
| 11290795385 | If liver and heart cells both are exposed to ligands, why does one respond and the other not? | Different cells have different collections and locations of receptors. | 16 | |
| 11290803348 | Specificity of the signal... | The same signal molecule can trigger different responses, activators or inhibitors, and receptors. | 17 | |
| 11290827802 | Response of Cell Signaling | Leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities. | 18 | |
| 11290837349 | Gene Expression | Process which information from a gene is used by the cell to produce a functional product; involves transcription and translation. EX: Growth Factor | 19 | |
| 11290846093 | Transcription | Makes an RNA copy of the genes in DNA. | 20 | |
| 11290849236 | Translation | Reads the information from RNA and uses it to make a protein. | 21 | |
| 11290857006 | Cellular Metabolism | A metabolic response that can cause enzymes to become more or less active, EX: Epinephrine | 22 | |
| 11290864594 | Apoptosis | May be induced by cell signaling; when a cell is damaged, unneeded, or potentially dangerous to the organism, it may undergo programmed cell death. |  | 23 |
| 11290883048 | Apoptosis allows a cell to die in a ____ manner that prevents the release of damaged molecules inside the cell. | Controlled | 24 | |
| 11290887308 | Termination of the signal | Signal response is terminated quickly by the reversal of the ligand binding. |  | 25 |