Forensic Science Final Flashcards

14282859557	Forensic Science	application of science to those criminal and civil laws	0
14282861859	Criminology	study of crime and criminals	1
14282863251	criminalistics	scientific evaluation of physical evidence in criminal cases	2
14282865538	1st crime lab	edmond locard	3
14282869074	Locard's exchange principle	when 2 objects come in contact with each other, a transfer of material will occur	4
14282873753	BASIC SERVICES of a crime lab	physical science unit biology unit firearms unit document examination unit photography unit	5
14282878061	OPTIONAL SERVICES of a crime lab	toxicology unit latent fingerprint unit polygraph unit voiceprint unit evidence collection unit	6
14282882859	OUTSIDE SERVICES of a crime lab	pathology anthropology entemology psychiatry/psychology odontology	7
14282894466	frye standard	test to determine admissibility of evidence using scientific evidence	8
14282898927	daubert standard	test to determine admissibility of evidence using witness testimony	9
14282902376	chain of custody	the documented and unbroken transfer of evidence	10
14282904698	circumstancial evidence	indirect evidence that can be used to imply a fact but does not directly prove it	11
14282907460	class evidence	material that connects an individual or thing to a certain GROUP	12
14282910805	direct evidence	eyewitness accounts, police dashboard video cameras	13
14282912634	individual evidence	a kind of evidence that identifies a particular person or thing	14
14282913902	paper bindle	a folded paper used to hold trace evidence	15
14282914667	primary crime scene	the location where the crime took place	16
14282915467	secondary crime scene	place related to crime, where evidence is found	17
14282922981	1st historical report	1235 AD- Chinese death investigation (Sung Tuz)	18
14282927845	1st legal use of entomology	Buck Ruxton case	19
14282929099	Stages of Decomposition	initial decay putrefaction black putrefaction butyric fermentation dry decay	20
14282933853	order diptera	flies	21
14282935482	Order Coleoptera	beetles	22
14282936654	Order Hymenoptera	ants, bees, wasps	23
14282938626	Blow fly stages of development	egg larva pupa adult	24
14282945345	Aerial Collection Method	sweep net back and forth over corpse to collect adult flies; put into vial with a label to determine max PMI	25
14282951579	Hand collection method	collect maggots with forceps, place into boiling water to stretch and fix them; place into vial	26
14282960407	live sampling	maggot motel	27
14282962132	PMI (post mortem interval)	setting the minimum and maximum time between death and corpse discovery	28
14282973208	min PMI	shortest possible amount of time between death and discovery	29
14282976442	max PMI	longest amount of time between death and discovery	30
14282983555	relationship between insects and temperature	ambient temperature plays a role during egg and larva development but after, it decreases	31
14282988861	relationship between insects and drugs	cocaine- speeds up development heroin- slows down development	32
14294132804	lighting used to find footprints	oblique lighting	33
14294135249	how to process 2D prints	photograph, lift, dust	34
14294142058	what info can we inferred from a footwear impression	identity of footwear (class or individual), shoe size, height, # of perpetrators	35
14294148345	reconstructive evidence (+ examples)	provides info about events before, during, and after crime (blood spatter, bullets, broken glass)	36
14294154323	associative evidence (+ types)	provides link between crime scene and person/object (class and individual)	37
14294163466	trace evidence (+ examples)	small evidence (hair, fibers, dust)	38
14294167994	parts of hair as parts of a pencil	cuticle - yellow paint cortex - wood medulla - graphite	39
14294186423	part of the hair with the 3 layers	shaft	40
14294189351	coronal (ex. mouse) CUTICLE		41
14294196670	spinous (ex. cat) CUTICLE		42
14294200511	imbricate (ex. human) CUTICLE		43
14294209405	uni/multiserial (ex. rabbit) MEDULLA	squares	44
14294250614	vacuolated (ex. dog or fox) MEDULLA	bubble letter L's	45
14294259895	lattice (ex. deer) MEDULLA	small circles	46
14294262080	amorphous (ex. human) MEDULLA	leaf/blob	47
14302018713	Biometrics	use of measurements for identification purposes	48
14302021108	what does AFIS stand for	automated fingerprint identification system	49
14302026492	what types of prints does AFIS contain	known criminals, unknown prints, gov. employees, gun owners	50
14302030792	friction ridges	patterns on skin that allows for grip	51
14302033446	fingerprints	pattern left behind on surface, made of sweat and oils	52
14302038968	4 premises of fingerprint identification	friction ridges develop in fetus fingerprints remain unchanged throughout life (without scars) location of minutia are unique fingerprints vary in a way that allows them to be classified	53
14302049049	3 types of fingerprints	latent, patent, plastic	54
14302054989	patent prints	need to be photographed, visible easily, no processing required, grease/dark oil/blood	55
14302060982	plastic prints	needs to be photographed, visible easily, needs processing, mud/butter/silly putty	56
14302080079	latent prints	cannot be seen with naked eye, photographed after processing,	57
14302089206	3 fingerprint patterns	loop, arch, whorl	58
14302093078	loop (percent and specializations)	65% ; radial loop, ulnar loop	59
14302099372	arch (percent and specializations)	6% ; plain arch, tented arch	60
14302103997	whorl (percent and specializations)	29% ; plain whorl, central pocket loop whorl	61
14302108219	3 types of developmental methods	physical, chemical, special illumination	62
14302112126	physical developmental method	powder dusting; surfaces- metal, glass, ceramic	63
14302116781	chemical developmental method	ninhydrin - paper surface SMR- wet surface gram staining - sticky surface	64
14302126567	special illumination	uses alternate light sources, color filter, or laser to enhance prints	65
14302135237	diff. minutae	spur, ridge ending, lake/enclosure, bifurcation, bridge, independent ridge, dot/island	66
14302284287	expert testimony	can give opinion only	67
14302292067	eyewitness testimony	can give factual testimony only	68
14302298857	examples of qualifying questions	cite educational degrees, membership in profession, articles/books published	69
14302304134	voir dire	opposing attorney asks a would be expert qualifying questions to determine expertise	70
14302312014	who asks the qualifying questions	court	71
14302313244	Why is eyewitness testimony unreliable	human memory is fragile and malleable	72
14302354865	2 factors that NJ supreme court allows eyewitness testimony to be admissable	lighting and how long witness was able to look at suspect	73
14302359503	own racial bias	tendency to recognize people of own race	74
14302362690	innocence project	non profit organization that challenges dubious rulings	75
14302444483	first responder	first police officer to arrive at a crime scene	76
14315572475	what is dna	genetic info that codes for proteins that makes us who we are	77
14315577158	forensic interest is only _____ base pairs	400	78
14315580789	min number of cells needed to develop genetic profile	30	79
14315588099	who discovered dna	friedrich miescher	80
14315591569	what did miescher do	discover dna by separating nuclei in pus	81
14315596410	watson and crick	discovered structure of dna (used rosalind franklin's research)	82
14315605937	who invented pcr	kary mullis	83
14315609834	pcr stands for + definition	polymerase chain reaction - amplifies sections of dna	84
14315631947	gel electrophoresis	Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments	85
14315637160	sir alec jeffreys	used RFLP and applied DNA to forensics	86
14315676508	RFLP	Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (organisms can be identified by how certain sections of their DNA cleaves)	87
14315684842	STR	short tantem repeats (short sections of dna that repeat)	88
14315695305	what are the big four	race, age, height, gender	89
14315700047	bones/characteristics used to determine gender	pelvis, sub pubic angle/bone, coccyx, ribcage	90
14315705677	bones/characteristics used to determine age	sutures, long bones, number of bones	91
14315711966	bones/characteristics used to determine race	skull size/shape	92
14315714189	bones/characteristics used to determine height	humerus, radius, femur, tibia length	93
14315724403	where is the body farm	Knoxville, TN	94
14315725966	ICMP	International Commission on Missing Persons - locate and identify victims	95
14315736818	requirements of a coroner + duties	over 21, US citizen (untrained in medicine) - investigates human deaths	96
14315751270	common smells in an autopsy	bitter/burnt almonds- cyanide sweet smell- alcohol	97
14315761978	mechanism of death	the specific body failure that leads to death (massive hemmorage)	98
14315764058	cause of death	the immediate reason for a person's death (gunshot wound)	99
14315767234	manner of death	how death occured (homocide)	100
14315773335	rigor mortis	chemical reaction that takes place in muscles, causing them to stiffen	101
14315781722	rigor mortis time frame	starts: 1.5 hours; peaks: 8 hours; dispates: 20-24 hours	102
14315785379	livor mortis	the settling of the blood, causing the skin to change colors	103
14315790341	livor mortis time frame	starts: within hour after death; peaks: 12 hours; fixed: 24 hours	104
14315794911	algor mortis	body temperature	105
14315798735	brain hemorrages	cocaine use	106
14315801453	Petechial hemorrhages	suffocation	107
14315804674	broken hyoid bone	strangulation	108
14315806277	wipe	wet blood pool, non bloody item runs across	109
14315808813	swipe	blood soaked item, non bloody surface	110
14315812294	parent drop	pool of blood (O)	111
14315814704	satellite	small droplets around pool (. . .)	112
14315817032	spine	pointed/elongated stains away from central area ( _______ )	113