Myers AP Psychology LEARNING Flashcards

12544129069	learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience	0
12544129070	habituation	an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it	1
12544129071	associative learning	learning that certain events occur together.	2
12544129072	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events	3
12544129073	behaviorism	psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.	4
12544129074	unconditioned response (UR)	the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth	5
12544129075	unconditioned stimulus (US)	a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a reaction (like food)	6
12544129076	conditioned response (CR)	the learned reaction to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)	7
12544129077	conditioned stimulus (CS)	an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a conditioned reaction	8
12544129078	acquisition	the "learned" behavior or response	9
12544129079	higher-order conditioning	a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new NS, creating a second (often weaker) CS.	10
12544129080	extinction	the diminishing of a CR; when a response is no longer reinforced	11
12544129081	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR	12
12544129082	generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit responses	13
12544129083	discrimination	the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US	14
12544129084	learned helplessness	the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events	15
12544129085	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher	16
12544129086	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, or where behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	17
12544129087	operant chamber	Skinner box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking	18
12544129088	shaping	reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	19
12544129089	discriminative stimulus	a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)	20
12544129090	reinforcer	any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	21
12544129091	positive reinforcement	increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.	22
12544129092	negative reinforcement	increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock.	23
12544129093	primary reinforce	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	24
12544129094	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	25
12544129095	partial (intermittent) reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	26
12544129096	fixed-ratio schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses	27
12544129097	variable-ratio schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses	28
12544129098	fixed-interval schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	29
12544129099	variable-interval schedule	a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals	30
12544129100	punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows	31
12544129101	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it)	32
12544129102	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it LATER	33
12544129103	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	34
12544129104	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake; INSIDE	35
12544129105	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, OUTSIDE	36
12544129106	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	37
12544129107	mirror neurons	frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath	38
12544129108	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior	39
12544129115	biofedback	a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature.	40
12544129116	aversion theory	an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.	41
12544129119	neutral stimulus (NS)	environmental factor that doesn't elicit a CR until it is repeatedly paired with the US (ex/ bell in Pavlov experiment)	42
12544129121	secondary reinforcer	lead to the ability to get primary reinforcer... money=food (primary reinforcer) education=career (primary reinforcer)	43
12544129122	stimulus	any event of situation that evokes a response	44
12544129123	cognitive learning	the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, bt watching others, or through language	45
12544129124	reinforcement	in operant conditioning, any event that stregnthens the behavior it follows	46
12544129125	reinforcement schedule	a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced	47
12544129126	respondent behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus	48
12544129127	operant behavior	behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences	49
12544129129	problem-focused coping	attempting to alleviate stress directly- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor	50
12544129130	emotion-focused coping	attempting to allieviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction	51
12544129131	external locus of control	the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate	52
12544129132	internal locus of control	the perception that you control your own fate	53
12544129133	self-control	the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term awards	54
12544129134	observational learning	learning by observing. also called social learning	55