Biochemistry Flashcards

14101331734	primary structure	sequence of amino acids	0
14101331753	secondary structure	H-bonding interactions form alpha helix and beta sheets	1
14101339561	tertiary structure	further folding of the secondary structure of proteins involving interactions between R-groups hydrophilic/phobic, disulphide bridges	2
14101348388	quaternary structure	Results from two or more polypeptide subunits.	3
14101356035	steroids	lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings	4
14101358461	Triglycerides	an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.	5
14101360589	Terpenes	repeating units of isoprene	6
14101369722	Increasing fluidity of cell membrane	increasing the unsaturated FA's, increasing cholestrol, shorter FA chains	7
14101387545	Competitive inhibitors effect on V-S	No change in Vmax, increase Km	8
14101394818	Non competitive inhibitors effect on V-S	Lower Vmax, no change in Km	9
14101401699	Uncompetitive inhibitors effect on V-S	Lower Vmax, decrease Km	10
14101417680	Metabolic catalysis pathways of glucose	glycolysis, glycogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway	11
14101429468	Metabolic anabolism of glucose	gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis	12
14101442050	Use of Acetyl CoA	Krebs, ETC, ketogenesis, FA anabolism	13
14101449848	Making Acetyl CoA	PDC, ketogenesis, beta-oxidation	14
14101460868	Enzyme for glucose->G6P	hexokinase (HK)	15
14101465579	Enzyme for F6P -> F1,6BP	phosphofructokinase (PFK)	16
14101472401	Net energy from glycolysis	2 ATP and 2 NADH	17
14101477210	Enzyme for PEP -> Pyruvate	pyruvate kinase	18
14101657566	products of fermentation	NAD+, and lactate or ethanol	19
14101670307	PDC reactants	Pyruvate, CoA-SH, NAD+	20
14101673815	PDC products	Acetyl Co-A, NADH, CO2	21
14101676860	PDC location	mitochondrial matrix	22
14101680744	Krebs cycle reactants	2 Acetyl CoA	23
14101689990	The Krebs cycle produces	2 GTP, 6NADH, and 2FADH + OAA	24
14101696870	electron transport chain	series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions	25
14101941584	ATP yield for mitochondrial NADH	2.5 ATP per NADH	26
14101945403	ATP yield for cytoplasmic NADH	1.5 ATP per NADH	27
14101950720	ATP yield for FADH2	1.5 ATP per FADH2	28
14101955181	Enzyme for making ATP in ETC	ATP synthase	29
14101963009	Net ATP of cellular respiration	30	30
14101969128	Gluconeogenesis reaction	2 pyruvate -> 1 glucose	31
14101975878	2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 CO2 (gluconeogenesis step 1)	2 OAA + 2 ADP (requires pyruvate carboxylase)	32
14101984273	2 OAA + 2 GTP (gluconeogenesis step 2)	2 PEP + 2 CO2 + 2GDP (requires PEP carboxylkinase)	33
14102001706	F1,6BP -> F6P enzyme in gluconeogenesis	F1,6BPase	34
14102008866	G6P to Glucose enzyme	glucose-6-phosphatase	35
14102014673	Glucose regulation: ATP	Inhibits PFK (glycolysis), activates F1,6BPase (GNG)	36
14102019658	Glucose regulation: citrate	Inhibits PFK (glycolysis), activates F1,6BPase (GNG)	37
14102032330	Glucose regulation: AMP	Inhibits F1,6BPase (GNG), activates PFK (glycolysis)	38
14102040050	Glucose regulation: F2,6BP	Inhibits F1,6BPase (GNG), activates PFK (glycolysis)	39
14102046154	Insulin glucose regulation	Increase glycolysis	40
14102050113	Glucagon glucose regulation	Increase GNG	41
14102052061	GNG location	liver	42
14102062145	Glycogenesis G6P->GIP enzyme	phosphoglucomutase	43
14102067827	Glycogenesis GIP+ UTP->UDP-glu enzyme	UDP-glu pyrophosphorylase	44
14102078804	Glycogenesis UDP-glu -> glycogen enzyme	glycogen synthase	45
14102087900	Glycogenolysis glycogen -> glycogen(n-1) +GIP enzyme	glycogen phosphorylase	46
14102094800	Glycogenolysis GIP -> G6P enzyme	phosphoglucomutase	47
14102100560	Glycogen regulation: insulin	Inhibits glycogen phosphorylase (lysis); activates glycogen synthase (genesis)	48
14102107737	Glycogen regulation: glucagon	Inhibits glycogen synthase (genesis); activates glycogen phosphorylase (lysis)	49
14102114063	Glycogen regulation: epinephrine	Inhibits glycogen synthase (genesis); activates glycogen phosphorylase (lysis)	50
14102121611	Pentose Phosphate Pathway PPP goals	1) produce ribose R5P + NADPH 2) support nt and FA synthesis by providing reducing E	51
14102146519	Oxidative phase of PPP	Irreversible; G6P+ 2NADP+ -> R5P + 2 NADPH + CO2	52
14102156557	Oxidative phase of PPP enzyme	glyceraldehyde 6P dehydrogenase	53
14102175646	Non-oxidative phase of PPP	Reversible; R5P -> metabolic intermediates: nucleotides or F6P, GAP	54
14102193280	Enzyme to break down triglycerides	lipase	55
14102215113	3FA -> Fatty acyl co-A requirements	Acyl CoA synthase +CoA-SH+ATP	56
14102280845	How does fatty acyl co-A enter mitochondrial matrix from cytoplasm?	Carnitine Shuttle	57
14102283687	4 steps of beta oxidation	1. oxidation 2. hydration 3. oxidation 4. cleavage	58
14102297814	Beta oxidation reactants	Fatty acyl CoA, FAD+, H2O, NAD+, CoA-SH	59
14102310335	Beta oxidation products	Fatty acyl CoA, Acetyl coA (2C), FADH2, NADH	60
14102322100	How many rounds of beta oxidation for n carbons in molecule?	carbons/2 -1	61
14102327493	Where does fat anabolism take place?	cytoplasm	62
14102337478	first step fat anabolism + enzyme	acetyl coA + CO2; acetyl CoA carboxylase	63
14102347607	Fat anabolism regulation: insulin	activates acetyl CoA carboxylase	64
14102350827	Fat anabolism regulation: glucagon	inhibits acetyl CoA carboxylase	65
14102358684	Fat anabolism steps (starting from malonyl coA)	1) elongation 2) reduction 3) dehydration 4) reduction	66
14102383674	Fat anabolism reactants (starting from malonyl coA)	FA chain + 2 NADPH	67
14102392564	Fat anabolism products (starting from malonyl coA)	H2O + CO2 + 2 NADP+	68
14102399468	Ketogenesis purpose	provides E to crucial organs (FA can't cross blood-brain barrier)	69
14102411159	Fate of amino acids	1) new proteins 2) deamination a- NH3 goes to urea cycle b- C skeleton goes to acetyl coA or glucose	70