Biochemistry Flashcards

13655918290	Element	A pure substance made of only one kind of atom	0
13655918291	trace elements	required by an organism in only minute quantities	1
13655918292	Isotope	Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons	2
13655918293	radiometric dating	the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products	3
13655918294	Compound	A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds	4
13655918295	chemical reaction	the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances	5
13655918296	chemical bond	the force that holds two atoms together	6
13655918297	ionic bond	Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another	7
13655918298	covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule	8
13655918299	hydrogen bond	weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom	9
13655918300	Ion	A charged atom	10
13655918301	nonpolar covalent bond	a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms	11
13655918302	polar covalent bond	A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally	12
13655918303	polar	Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.	13
13655918304	Cohesion	Attraction between molecules of the same substance	14
13655918305	Adhesion	An attraction between molecules of different substances	15
13655918306	heat capacity	the number of heat units needed to raise the temperature of a body by one degree.	16
13655918307	expansion on freezing	water forms a crystalline structure that expands and is less dense than its liquid state	17
13655918308	capillary action	the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid	18
13655918309	acidic	pH less than 7; indicates a greater concentration of H+	19
13655918310	basic	pH greater than 7, indicates a greater concentration of OH	20
13655918311	Alkaline	basic solution	21
13655918312	pH scale	measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14	22
13655918313	organic compounds	Compounds that contain carbon	23
13655918314	inorganic compounds	Compounds that do not contain carbon	24
13655918315	Polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.	25
13655918316	Monomer	A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers	26
13655918317	Carbohydrates	the starches and sugars present in foods	27
13655918318	Monosaccharides	Single sugar molecules	28
13655918319	Disaccharide	A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.	29
13655918320	Polysaccharides	Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides	30
13655918321	dehydration synthesis	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	31
13655918322	glycosidic linkage	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.	32
13655918323	Hydolysis	Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water	33
13655918324	amino acids	monomers of proteins	34
13655918325	amino group	NH2	35
13655918326	carboxyl group	COOH	36
13655918327	R group	used to represent one of 20 possible side chains found in amino acids of living systems	37
13655918328	side chain	Another term for R-group. A variable group that determines the unique chemical properties of a particular amino acid.	38
13655918329	Dipeptide	Two amino acids bonded together	39
13655918330	peptide bond	The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	40
13655918331	Polypeptide	A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	41
13655918332	primary structure of protein	sequence of amino acids	42
13655918333	secondary structure of protein	protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain	43
13655918334	tertiary structure of protein	protein structure is formed when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to from a larger 3D structure	44
13655918335	quarternary structure of protein	overall protein structure, combining 2 or more polypeptides	45
13655918336	Chaperonins	protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins	46
13655918337	Lipids	Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.	47
13655918338	Triglycerides	an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.	48
13655918339	Phospholipids	A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.	49
13655918340	Steriods	lipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence. include cholesterol and sex hormones	50
13655918341	Glycerol	A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.	51
13655918342	ester linkage	The linkage formed between the glycerol molecule and the fatty acids in a fat is the ester linkage. This bond is formed through dehydration synthesis.	52
13655918343	saturated fats	fats that are solid at room temperature, no double bonds, saturated with hydrogen	53
13655918344	unsaturated fats	A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds. Contains double bonds	54
13655918345	polyunsaturated fats	triglycerides in which most of the fatty acids have two or more points of unsaturation	55
13655918346	Hydrophobic	Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.	56
13655918347	Hydrophilic	Having an affinity for water.	57
13655918348	Cholesterol	A type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods.	58
13655918349	nucleic acids	macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus, ex: DNA and RNA	59
13655918350	DNA	A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.	60
13655918351	RNA	single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose	61
13655918352	RNA world hypothesis	hypothesis that RNA served as the genetic information of early life	62