Biochemistry Flashcards

14148358366	Functional Group: Carboxylic acid group	Acts as an acid, can shed H+ based on the pH EX: fatty acids, amino acids	0
14148360144	Functional Group: Amino Group	Can accept or release H+ depending on the pH EX: Amino Acids	1
14148361558	Functional Group: Hydroxyl Group	May link molecules through dehydration synthesis. Hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups and water molecules affects solubility. EX: Carbohydrates, Fatty acids, Amino acids	2
14148364465	Functional Group: Phosphate group	May link other molecules for form larger structures; May store energy. EX: Phospholipids, Nucleic acids, High-energy compounds	3
14148368801	Carbohydrates:	All carbohydrates except monosaccharides, must be disassembled via hydrolysis before being used in cells.	4
14148372941	Types of Carbohydrates Mono	1.)Monosaccharides Are carbohydrates that contain 3-7 carbon atoms. Glucose is an example and is one of the most important carbs in the body. EX: glucose, fructose, galactose	5
14148382369	Types of Carbohydrates Di	2.) Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides joined together EX: sucrose, malt	6
14148383431	Types of Carbohydrates Poly	3.) Polysaccharides: Disaccharides + one or more monosaccharides. Glycogen is a starch that animals use to store energy.	7
14148385463	Types of carbohydrates Isomer	a similar molecular formula, but a different structure.	8
14148386677	Carbohydrates: Function vs stucture	Function: -glucose= short term energy use -glycogen= medium energy use Structure: -Polymers formed by dehydration -Digested by hydrolysis -Isomers	9
14148394403	Lipids (Fats)	-Carbon to hydrogen ratio 2:1 with a small portion of O. -Hydrophobic structure	10
14148397722	Lipids (Fats) Type: Fatty Acids	Are long carbon chains (hydrocarbon) with an end composed of a carboxylic acid group. 1.) Saturated: has single covalent bonds 2.) Unsaturated: Has one or more double covalent bonds. -Monounsaturated= 1 double covalent bond -Polyunsaturated= multiple covalent bonds Healthy: Mono and poly unsaturated Non Healthy: saturated and transe fats	11
14148404787	Lipids (Fats) Type: Eicosanoids	Synthesized from arachidonic acids EX: -Leukotrienes: secreted by leukocytes in response to exposure to allergens -Prostaglandins: coordinates cellular activities and used as chemical messengers. **During an injury they stimulate nerve endings and increase sensitivity to pain.	12
14148412694	Lipids (Fats) Type: Glycerides	Chains of fatty acids linked together by a glycerol molecule. Monoglyceride: 1 fatty acid chain + glycerol. Diglyceride: 2 + glycerol Triglyceride: 3 -Have 3 main functions 1.) Energy Storage 2.) Insulation 3.) Protection	13
14148425620	Lipids (fats) type: Steroids	Large lipid molecule with a complex 4 ring structure. **Play a vital role in cell structure in the form of cholesterol -Regulate sexual function -Breakdown fat -Involved in metabolic and mineral balance -Precursor to most hormones	14
14148431820	Lipids (Fats) Type: Phospholipids	Diglycerides linked to non lipid groups via a phosphate group. Form cellular membranes and some organelle membranes Phospholipid bilayer	15
14148443312	Lipids (Fats) Type: Glycolipids	a diglyceride + a carbohydrate	16
14148446078	Proteins	Proportionately the most abundant organic component in the body.	17
14148447980	Protein Function	-Support- structural proteins provide framework if the body and its subcomponents. -Movement- contractile proteins -Transport proteins -Buffering -Metabolic regulation -Protection	18
14148453326	Protein Stucture	Long chain of amino acids. -Amino acids stucture: -Central carbon atom -Hydrogen atom -Amino group -Carboxylic group -Variable group	19
14148462292	Protein structure: Peptide vs Polypeptide	Peptide Bond: -A covalent bond between the carboxylic acid end of one AA and the amino group of another AA Polypeptide: - 3 or more amino acids link together by a peptide bond	20
14148464758	Protein Shape	Usually determined by the variable group on the amino acid and also by hydrogen bonding. 4 Levels: 1.) Primary: amino acid sequence (linear chain) 2.) Secondary: Back bone interaction (alpha helix or pleated sheet) 3.) Tertiary: Side chain interaction (3 dimensional folding 4.) Quaernary: Multiple polypeptide chains forming protein complexes. EX: Hemoglobin and Collagen	21
14148475217	Thalassemia	-Inherited blood disorder -2 types of globin: Alpha and Beta -Major (dominant) and minor (recessive) mutations -Symptoms: Anemia, Fatigue, Bone deformity, Still birth	22
14148482936	Glycoproteins vs Proteoglycans		23
14148533282	Enzymes: substrate, active site, specificity, isozymes	-substrates: the reactants in an enzymatic reaction -active site: area in which substrates fit on an enzyme -specificity: each enzyme is particular to one type of reaction -isozymes: enzymes that vary in structure, but catalyze the same substrates	24
14148539955	Enzymes: Saturation Limits	Saturation limits: An enzyme is only able to cycle through substrates in a reaction at a certain time -Saturated = when ample amounts of reactants exist and enzymes are cycling through at their highest capacity	25
14148544557	Enzymes: Regulation	Regulation: the turning on and off of an enzyme by the change in its shape -cofactor: an ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before it can catalyze reactants. *This can alter the active site letting a substrate bind -coenzyme: organic molecules that work as cofactors, such as vitamins.	26
14148552362	Nucleic Acids: DNA	Deoxyribonucleic Acid=DNA -IS the blueprints for protein production and also is the encodings of our genetic makeup -DNA structure: 2 long chains of nucleotides a.) Pentose- a 5-carbon sugar b.)Phosphate group c.) Nitrogenous base 1.)Purines- adenine and guanine 2.) Pyrimidines- cytosine and thymine	27
14148575278	Nucleic Acids: RNA	Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) -templates for protein synthesis -RNA structure: 1 long chains of nucleotides a.) Pentose- a 5-carbon sugar b.)Phosphate group c.) Nitrogenous base 1.)Purines- adenine and guanine 2.) Pyrimidines- cytosine and thymine	28
14148580789	Nucleic Acid Function	-Genetic information = DNA -Protein construction= mRNA, tRNA, rRNA,miRNA -Determines: Structure and function	29