AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 600-1450

13999520421	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
13999520422	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
13999520423	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
13999520424	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
13999520425	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
13999520426	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
13999520427	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
13999520428	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
13999520429	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
13999520430	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
13999520431	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
13999520432	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
13999520433	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
13999520434	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
13999520435	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	14
13999520436	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	15
13999520437	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	16
13999520438	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	17
13999520439	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	18
13999520440	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	19
13999520441	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	20
13999520442	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	21
13999520443	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	22
13999520444	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	23
13999520445	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	24
13999520446	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	25
13999520447	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	26
13999520448	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	27
13999520449	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	28
13999520450	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	29
13999520451	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	30
13999520452	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	31
13999520453	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	32
13999520454	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	33
13999520455	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	34
13999520456	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	35
13999520457	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	36
13999520458	Greek Fire	Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople	37
13999520459	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	38
13999520460	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	39
13999520461	Manzikert	Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory	40
13999520462	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	41
13999520463	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	42
13999520464	Rurik	legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855	43
13999520465	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	44
13999520466	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	45
13999520467	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	46
13999520468	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	47
13999520469	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	48
13999520470	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	49
13999520471	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	50
13999520472	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	51
13999520473	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	52
13999520474	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	53
13999520475	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	54
13999520476	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	55
13999520477	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	56
13999520478	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	57
13999520479	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	58
13999520480	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	59
13999520481	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	60
13999520482	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	61
13999520483	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	62
13999520484	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	63
13999520485	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	64
13999520486	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	65
13999520487	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	66
13999520488	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	67
13999520489	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	68
13999520490	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	69
13999520491	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	70
13999520492	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	71
13999520493	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	72
13999520494	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	73
13999520495	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	74
13999520496	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	75
13999520497	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	76
13999520498	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	77
13999520499	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	78
13999520500	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	79
13999520501	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	80
13999520502	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	81
13999520503	Fujiwara	mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power	82
13999520504	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	83
13999520505	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	84
13999520506	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	85
13999520507	Gempei wars	Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age	86
13999520508	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	87
13999520509	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	88
13999520510	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	89
13999520511	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	90
13999520512	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	91
13999520513	Trung Sisters	leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society	92
13999520514	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi	93
13999520515	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	94
13999520516	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	95
13999520517	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	96
13999520518	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	97
13999520519	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	98
13999520520	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	99
13999520521	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	100
13999520522	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	101
13999520523	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	102
13999520524	White Lotus Society	secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty	103
13999520525	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	104
13999520526	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	105
13999520527	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	106
13999520528	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	107
13999520542	Silk Road Trade system		108
13999520543	Kingdom of Mali		109
13999520529	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	110
13999520530	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	111
13999520531	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	112
13999520532	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	113
13999520533	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	114
13999520534	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	115
13999520535	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	116
13999520536	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	117
13999520544	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		118
13999520537	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	119
13999520538	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	120
13999520539	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	121
13999520545	Bantu Migrations		122
13999520540	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	123
13999520541	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	124