AP Psychology Unit 9 Flashcards

14268136715	Developmental Psychology	A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	0
14268136716	Zygote	The fertilized egg	1
14268140231	Embryo	Developing human organism from ~2 weeks after fertilization through the second month	2
14268140232	Fetus	The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception until birth	3
14268142639	Teratogens	Outside agents (chemicals, viruses, etc) that can reach the embryo or fetus and cause harm	4
14268145760	Fetal Alcohol Syndrome	Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy	5
14268145761	Habituation	Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation	6
14268147787	Maturation	Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience	7
14268147788	Cognition	All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	8
14268150381	Schema	A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information	9
14268150382	Assimilation	Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schema	10
14268152388	Accommodation	Adapting our current understandings to incorporate new information	11
14268152389	Sensorimotor Stage	Stage in which infants know the world mostly in terms of sensory impressions and motor activities (The first stage in Piaget's theory; birth to ~2yo)	12
14268154283	Object Permanence	The awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived	13
14268158358	Preoperational Stage	Stage during which a child learns language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic (The second stage in Piaget's theory; ~2yo to 6 or 7yo)	14
14268160395	Conservation	The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects	15
14268160396	Egocentrism	(In Piaget's theory) A child's difficulty taking another person's point of view	16
14268162009	Theory of Mind	People's ideas about their own and other's mental states	17
14268162010	Concrete Operational Stage	Stage in which children gain the mental operations that enable logical thinking about concrete events (The third stage in Piaget's theory; ~7 to 11yo)	18
14268163756	Formal Operational Stage	Stage in which children gain the ability to think logically about abstract events (The final stage in Piaget's theory ~12+yo)	19
14268165864	Scaffold	A framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking	20
14268168350	Autism Spectrum Disorder	A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors	21
14268190071	Stranger Anxiety	The fear of strangers that infants commonly display	22
14268190072	Attachment	An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on seperation	23
14268191453	Critical Period	An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development	24
14268191454	Imprinting	The process by which certain animals form strong attachments early in life	25
14268193984	Strange Situation	A procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment	26
14268193985	Secure Attachment	Demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, and display temporary distress and comfort in the exit and return of the caregiver	27
14268195600	Insecure Attachment	Demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness	28
14268195601	Temperment	A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity	29
14268198101	Basic trust	According to Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy	30
14268198102	Self-concept	All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question 'Who am I?'	31
14268199886	Sex	In psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female	32
14268199887	Gender	In psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define 'boy', 'girl', 'man', and 'woman'	33
14268201600	Aggression	Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally	34
14268201601	Relational Aggression	An act of aggression meant to harm a person's relationship or social standing	35
14268202940	Role	A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to act	36
14268202941	Gender Role	A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or females	37
14268204610	Gender Identity	Our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two	38
14268206137	Social Learning Theory	The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating others and by being rewarded or punished	39
14268206138	Gender Typing	The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role	40
14268207781	Androgeny	Displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics	41
14268213633	Transgender	An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-designated sex	42
14268238994	Adolescence	The transition period from childhood to adulthood	43
14268242291	Puberty	The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing	44
14268242292	Identity	Our sense of self.	45
14268244316	Social Identity	The 'we' aspect of our self-concept.	46
14268244317	Emerging Adulthood	The period from age 18 to mid-twenties. In Western culture, a period between adolescence and full independence as an adult	47
14268246218	X Chromosome	Found in both males and females. Females typically have 2, men typically have 1	48
14268246219	Y Chromosome	Typically found only in males, when paired with the other chromosome, it produces a male child	49
14268247339	Testosterone	The most important male sex hormone	50
14268247340	Primary Sex Characteristics	The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible	51
14268249357	Secondary Sex Characteristics	Nonreproductive sexual traits	52
14268249358	Spermarche	The first ejaculation	53
14268251011	Menarche	The first menstrual period	54
14268251012	Intersex	A condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sex characteristics of both sexes	55
14268252841	AIDS	A life-threatening STD that depletes the immune system	56
14268252842	Sexual Orientation	Our enduring sexual attraction towards members of the opposite, same, or both sexes	57
14268255265	Menopause	The time when the menstrual cycle ends; also refers to biological changes that occur as the ability to reproduce declines	58
14268255266	Cross-sectional Study	Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time	59
14268256631	Longitudinal Study	Research that follows and retests the same people over time	60
14268256632	Neurocognitive Disorders (NCDs)	Acquired disorders marked by cognitive deficits. Brought on by disease, injury, or substance abuse (Formerly called 'dementia')	61
14268261151	Alzheimer's Disease	A NCD marked by neural plaques, entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities	62
14268263603	Social Clock	The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement	63