AP psych Flashcards

13881035121	calkins	First woman president of APA	0
13881068656	washburn	first women president to receive PHD in psych	1
13881073169	structuralism	mental and simple elements, introspection	2
13881081012	functionalism	adapt, psychological processes have functions that help survive	3
13881095917	basic research fields	aims to increase scientific knowledge base	4
13881100862	applied fields	scientific study aimed to solve practical problems	5
13881116677	dependent variable	variable that is measured	6
13881124263	independent variable	variable that changes something	7
13881129898	barnum effect	people identify with general and vague personality descriptions, generic assumptions	8
13881144310	standard deviation	a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score	9
13881150282	positive skew		10
13881154101	negative skew		11
13881159604	normal distribution curve		12
13881165374	descriptive statistics	numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.	13
13881169357	inferential statistics	generalize, numerical data that allow one to generalize- infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population	14
13881182766	liklihood that result will happen by chance	what does statistically significant mean?	15
13881192064	1. informed consent 2. debriefing 3. protection from harm 4. confidentiality	ethical guidelines for human research	16
13881205336	threshold	minimum level of a stimulus required to activate a neuron	17
13881212477	reuptake	when excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron	18
13881216105	agonist	molecules that bind to receptor and mimic its effects	19
13881221663	antagonist	molecules that bind to receptor but block a neurotransmitter from functioning	20
13881233223	peripheral nervous system	the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body	21
13881245551	somatic nervous system	controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles	22
13881249722	CT (CAT)	a series of X-RAY photographs taken from different angles	23
13881262167	PET	a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of GLUCOSE goes while the brain performs a given task	24
13881276014	MRI and fMRI	uses magnetic fields to show structure	25
13881281898	pons	deals with sleep, breathing, and some senses	26
13881285058	medulla	controls heartbeat and breathing	27
13881288996	reticular formation	-activates all levels of consciousness -enables arousal/ alertness	28
13881313525	thalamus	sensory switchboard, messages crossover one side of body to the other	29
13881335598	frontal lobe	involved in muscle movement, speaking, making plans, and personality	30
13881348546	parietal lobe	receives sensory input for touch and body position	31
13881357878	temporal	where is wernicke's area?	32
13881365025	pituitary gland	regulates growth	33
13881367951	heritability	The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.	34
13881375433	epigenetics	the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change	35
13881954859	sensation	receive and represent	36
13881957207	perception	personal, organizing and interpreting	37
13881966098	bottum-up processing	fresh eyes, assembling and integrating information	38
13881974167	Top-down processing	using models, ideas, and expectations to interpret sensory information	39
13881982167	absolute threshold	the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time, FECHNER	40
13881988181	weber's law	the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)	41
13881997303	perceptual set	what we expect to see, which influences what we do see	42
13882002467	transduction	changing outside force and changing it into a neural impulse	43
13882009467	color/ hue	wavelength/ frequency (in vision/ hearing) determines	44
13882014020	intesnity / brightness	amplitude/ height (in vision/ hearing) determines	45
13882026845	retina	contains receptor cells that begin visual processing	46
13882034309	cornea	eyes transparent protector	47
13882037442	iris	controls size of pupil opening	48
13882044052	feature detectors	nerve cells in visual cortex that respond to shape, angles, and movement - hubel and wiesel	49
13882073140	frequency theory	brain reads pitch by RATE of neural impulses in cochlea	50
13882096144	visual cliff	-depth perception at young age -gibson and walk -baby won't walk across the table because depth drops	51
13882115644	phi phenomenon	a series of light bulbs turned on and off at a particular rate will appear to be one moving light	52
13882122389	stroboscopic effect	images in a series of still pictures presented at a certain speed will appear to be moving	53
13882128744	human factors pyschology	explores how people and machines interact	54
13882206311	NREM 1	slow breathing and irregular brain waves, sensations of falling	55
13882211370	NREM 2	rapid, rhythmic brain activity: sleep spindles	56
13882214593	NREM 3	delta waves, wet bed, sleep talking (PHYSICAL BODY)	57
13882222578	REM	DREAM, good for mental health, paradoxical sleep, 100 minutes (MENTAL BODY)	58
13882243906	sleep apnea	a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings	59
13882252056	manifest content of dreams	the remembered story line of a dream	60
13882255976	latent content of dreams	the underlying meaning of a dream, Freud	61
13882264664	activation synthesis theory	dreams are caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry (random visual memories in which sleeping brain weaves into stories)	62
13882287603	social influence theory	hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors playing a social role	63
13882295150	Dissociation (divided consciousness) theory	a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others, hidden observer is aware HILGARD	64
13882383639	contingency model	-Rescorla -organism must realize one stimuli RELIABLY PREDICTS another	65
13882399356	operant conditioning	-SKINNER -type of learning when frequency of behavior is determined by consequence	66
13882411692	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	67
13882423461	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it	68
13882429707	mirror neurons	Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.	69
13882439239	insight learning	a sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts (AHA moment)	70
13882452731	sensory memory	the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system (goes further if it is INTERESTING or PERSONAL)	71
13882464985	short term memory	activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten - GEORGE MILLER	72
13882474001	automatic processing	unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency	73
13882478938	effortful processing	encoding that requires attention and conscious effort, REHEARSAL often needed	74
13882493431	elaborative processing	deep processing, encode semantically, use self-reference effect to make it personal	75
13882507844	implicit memory	skills and procedures, cerebellum, basal ganglia	76
13882518180	facts	semantic=	77
13914804345	priming cues	the activation of particular associations in memory (sounds, smells, vision)	78
13914828128	loftus	misinformation effect=	79
13914839073	concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	80
13914845694	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category	81
13914871966	confirmation bias	seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes	82
13914876694	belief perseverance	tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them	83
13914886676	representative heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes	84
13914886677	availibility heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory	85
13915880608	chomsky	-children are prewired with a capability to learn -nativist theory: we have a language acquisition device -optimal time to learn language	86
13915927048	linguistic determinism	-the idea that our specific language determines how we think -WHORF	87
13915963429	Yerkes-Dodson Law	performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases	88
13915976994	setpoint	-the point at which an individuals "weight" thermostat is supposedly set -when body falls below this weight, it will increase in hunger and lower metabolic rate to restore lost weight	89
13916174679	directive	task leadership=	90
13916186014	industrial-organizational psychology	the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces	91
13920286308	james lange theory	physiological arousal before emotion	92
13920291057	cannon-bard theory	emotion comes simultaneously with arousal	93
13920307875	schachter-singer theory	thinking affects emotion, body response AND thought process	94
13920355364	adaptation-level phenomenon	tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience (gets new phone but then gets new to it, wants more)	95
13920360855	relative deprivation	perception that you are worse off when compared to others	96
13920374352	(Hans Selye) Alarm-sudden act of sympathetic nervous system, Resistance-you face challenge (BP rises), Exhaustion- more vulnerable to illness	GAS stages	97
13920399031	type A	impatient, verbally aggressive, and always pushing themselves and others to achieve	98
13920399032	type B	Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people	99
13920405172	psychophysiological illness	a real illness caused in part by psychological factors such as the experience of stress ("mind-body")	100
13920420555	maturation	biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience	101
13920429242	temperament	a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity	102
13920441075	sensorimotor stage	experience world through senses and actions- object permanence, stranger anxiety (birth- 2 yrs)	103
13920450058	preoperational stage	represent things with words and images- pretend play, egocentrism, stranger anxiety (about 2-6/7)	104
13920463054	concrete operational	thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations (6/7-11 years old)	105
13920489800	formal operational	abstract reasoning	106
13920494601	theory of mind	people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.	107
13920501927	jean piaget	-underestimated children -development is more continuous -age and physical environment	108
13920506771	lev vygotsky	kids learn in context of social communication, social impact, language, and inner speech	109
13920527095	mary ainsworth	studies mothers and infants at home and then at a social setting, secure attachments- kids play with other kids	110
13920537736	1. body contact 2. familiarity 3. responsiveness	what does a baby need?	111
13920547572	lorenz	imprinting- goslings imprint and then follow first large object they see	112
13920558361	pre-conventional level of morality	self-interest, avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards	113
13920566604	conventional level of morality	law and social order	114
13920570427	post-conventional	abstract principles, basic rights and personal ethic principles	115
13920580247	erikson	who studies psychosocial development?	116
13920584095	prospective memory	"remembering to remember", declines as people age	117
13920604367	alfred adler	Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order	118
13920607299	carl jung	neo-Freudian who created concept of "collective unconscious", a shared inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history	119
13920621271	karney horney	anxiety and personality driven by social tensions, studied by a child's sense of helplessness	120
13920640414	rorschach inkblot test	the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots	121
13920643194	TAT test	people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes	122
13920647745	Rogers	AGE	123
13920654599	hans eysenck and theory	personality and traits are a function of 2 basic dimensions, factor analysis (unstable/ stable- introverted/ extroverted)	124
13920677027	reaction formation	switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites	125
13920679905	projection	disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others	126
13920683246	displacement	shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person	127
13920686067	rationalization	offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions	128
13920708569	Paul Costa & Robert McCrae	BIG 5, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion	129
13920715363	bandura	social cognitive perspective, believed personality is influenced by the interaction of people's traits and their environment	130
13920730961	personality stems from a mixture of environment, personality, and behavior (EPB)	what is reciprocal determinism	131
13920743314	self-efficacy	one's sense of competence and effectiveness, bandura says this affects our personality	132
13920760178	oral (sarcastic/ overeater), anal (OCD), phallic (genitals-bathroom), latency, (identification) genital	psychosexual stages	133
13920778392	fixation	a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved	134
13920782912	empirically derived test	all test items have been selected to because they predictably match the qualities being assessed	135
13920791389	self-serving bias	a readiness to perceive oneself favorably	136
13920796853	factor analysis	a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.	137
13920807605	Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence	analytical, creative, practical	138
13920812346	francis galton	-biology -success is run in families bc success is run by generations -intelligence governed by heredity	139
13920821304	alfred binet	-mental age -first IQ test	140
13920825068	lous terman	-brought IQ test to the U.S. -measured IQ intelligence quotient= mental age/ chronological age x 100	141
13920846653	standarization	defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group	142
13920849806	flynn effect	every decade in every country, IQ scores tend to go up	143
13920851963	content/ face validity	the test correlates well with the actual trait (criterion) being measured	144
13920857911	predictive validity	the test accurately predicts future performance	145
13920865011	intellectual disability	IQ around 70 or below	146
13920872028	Gifted ability	IQ > 135	147
13920878076	crystallized intelligence	accumulated knowledge reflected in vocabulary and analogies, once you hit 20 days- stays the same	148
13920888323	fluid intelligence	ability to reason speedily and abstractly	149
13920905787	self-fulfilling prophecy	a belief that leads to its own fulfillment	150
13920909449	sterotype threat	a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative sterotype (girls are told they do worse than boys on tests so then they do worse)	151
13921038431	somatic symptom disorder	disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without physical causes, medically unexplained (maybe due to chronic stress)	152
13921055251	illness anxiety disorder	hypochondriac	153
13921062400	major depressive disorder	-2 weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest	154
13921077423	delusion	false belief	155
13921077424	hallucinations	false perceptions	156
13921084132	antisocial personality disorder	-no consciousness, failure to obey laws, lying, manipulation	157
13921091726	borderline PD	unstable relationships, self-image, and affect (more females)	158
13921094910	histrionic personality disorder	excessive emotionality and attention seeking	159
13921099669	Avoident PD	don't feel good enough	160
13921101700	schizoid PD	detachment from social relationships and limited emotion	161
13921106430	diathesis-stress model	suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress (vulnerability, genetic predisposition, susceptibility)	162
13921115507	ADHD	neurological disorder marked by: inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity (3x more likely in boys)	163
13921137924	client centered therapy	-rogers -active listening -therapist is non-directive	164
13921150766	counterconditioning	linking new, positive responses to previously aversive stimuli	165
13921155857	behavior modification	shaping a client's chosen behavior to look like a more desired behavior	166
13921167060	rational emotive behavior therapy	-albert ellis -vigorously challenges IRRATIONAL thinking, self-defeating thoughts attitudes and assumptions	167
13921179526	thorazine	antipsychotic drug, symptom- tardive dyskinesia	168
13921192104	increase serotonin by blocking reuptake	how do antidepressant drugs work?	169
13921203174	central route of persuasion	facts, evidence, logic- going through rational mind	170
13921207565	peripheral route of persuasion	appealing to fears, desires, and associations - does not stick	171
13921213854	cognitive dissonance theory	-festinger -actions and thoughts are not in line	172
13921222274	normative social influence theory	going along with others to gain social approval or avoid disapproval/ rejection	173
13921226065	informational social influence	Going along with others because their ideas and behavior make sense, the evidence in our social environment changes our minds.	174
13921234451	groupthink	the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for HARMONY in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives	175
13921240881	prejudice	unjustified negative attitude	176
13921248430	discrimination	unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members	177
13921254194	just-world phenomenon	the world is just and people get what they deserve	178
13921258155	altrusim	unselfish regard for the welfare of others	179
13921261971	social exchange theory	we help if it brings more benefit than cost	180
13921265224	reciprocity norm	an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them	181
13921272234	social responsibility norm	people should help those in need	182