ap human Flashcards

9789481326	Latitude	The distance in degrees north or south of the equator.	0
9789481327	Longitude	The distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian.	1
9789481328	Cartography	The science of making maps.	2
9789481329	Projection	The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.	3
9789481330	GPS	Global Positioning System	4
9789481331	GIS	Geographic Information Systems (layered maps)	5
9789481332	Toponym	The name given to a portion of Earth's surface.	6
9789481333	Remote Sensing	The collection of data from satellites for use in GPS and GIS.	7
9789481334	Absolute Location (Mathematical Location)	The precise point where a place is located on Earth using longitude and latitude.	8
9789481335	Relative Location (Situation)	Where a place is located in relation to another place.	9
9789481336	Diffusion	The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.	10
9789481337	Distance Decay Effect	The decrease in interaction between two things/people as distance increases.	11
9789481338	Environmental Determinism	The idea that human behavior is controlled by the physical environment.	12
9789481339	Globalization	The process in which connections around the world increase and cultures become more alike.	13
9789481340	Mental Map (Cognitive Map)	A map which represents the perceptions and knowledge a person has of an area.	14
9789481341	Possibilism	Viewpoint that people, not the environment, are the dynamic forces of cultural development.	15
9789481342	Scale	The relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole.	16
9789481343	Space-Time Compression	Describes the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place.	17
9789481344	Formal Region	An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics and has a formal name.	18
9789481345	Functional Region	An area organized around a node or focal point, has a purpose.	19
9789481346	Vernacular Region (Perceptual Region)	A region determined by people's mental images, or perceptions, of places.	20
9789481347	Agricultural Density	The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.	21
9789481348	Arithmetic Density	The total number of people divided by the total land area.	22
9789481349	Carrying Capacity	Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support.	23
9789481350	Cartogram	A map that uses size to illustrate a specific value of data.	24
9789481351	Census	A complete enumeration of a population.	25
9789481352	Demographics	Statistical data relating to the population.	26
9789481353	Ecumene	The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.	27
9789481354	Overpopulation	Too many people in one place for the resources available.	28
9789481355	Physiological Density	The number of people per unit area of arable land.	29
9789481356	Age Distribution	Percentage of the total population, or the population of each sex, at each age level.	30
9789481357	Agriculture Revolution	Humans created large and more stable sources of food using technology for harvest.	31
9789481358	Crude Birth Rate	The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people.	32
9789481359	Crude Death Rate	The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people.	33
9789481360	Doubling Time	The time required for a population to double in size.	34
9789481361	Industrial Revolution	Gradual replacement of many hand tools by machines.	35
9789481362	Infant Mortality Rate	The number of infant deaths per 1,000 births.	36
9789481363	Life Expectancy	A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live	37
9789481364	Population Pyramid	A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.	38
9789481365	Sex Ratio	The number of males per 100 females in the population.	39
9789481366	Zero Population Growth	Occurs when the birth rate equals the death rate.	40
9789481367	Migration	Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.	41
9789481368	Emigration	Movement of individuals out of an area.	42
9789481369	Immigration	Movement of individuals into an area.	43
9789481370	Internal Migration	Permanent movement within a particular country.	44
9789481371	International Migration	Permanent movement from one country to another.	45
9789481372	Voluntary Migration	Permanent movement undertaken by choice.	46
9789481373	Forced Migration	The migration event in which individuals are forced to leave a country against their will.	47
9789481374	Chain Migration	People follow others of preceding friends or family in their migratory paths.	48
9789481375	Step Migration	Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages.	49
9789481376	Push Factor	Condition that drives people from their homeland.	50
9789481377	Pull Factor	A factor that induces people to move to a new location.	51
9789481378	Refugee	A person who has to leave his or her country to find safety.	52
9789481379	Unauthorized Immigrants	People who enter a country without proper documents.	53
9789481380	Brain Drain	Large-scale emigration by talented people.	54
9789481381	Net Migration	The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.	55
9789481382	acculturation	the blending of two or more cultures	56
9789481383	assimilation	process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture	57
9789481384	artifact	an object made by a human, typically an item of cultural or historical interest.	58
9789481385	sociofact	a culture trait (social)	59
9789481386	culture hearth	a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward (the River Civilizations ex: Nile, Mesopotamia)	60
9789481387	culture imperialism	culture is spread to gain influence (colonial empires)	61
9789481388	culture trait	an activity or behavior in which people often take part	62
9789481389	culture	beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.	63
9789481390	custom	practice routinely followed by a group of people.	64
9789481391	tradition	the beliefs and ways of doing things that are passed down from parents to children	65
9789481392	cultural landscape	the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape	66
9789481393	taboo	a restriction on behavior imposed by social custom	67
9789481394	folk culture	traditionally practiced by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas	68
9789481395	popular culture	cultural patterns that are widespread globally among a society's population	69
9789481396	habit	a repetitive act performed by a one person	70
9789481397	menifact	ideas, beliefs and values	71
9789481398	language	a system of communication through the use of speech	72
9789481399	language group	a set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and similar characteristics	73
9789481400	language family	a collection of languages with a common ancestor long before recorded history	74
9789481401	dialect	a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary spelling and pronunciation	75
9789481402	isogloss	a boundary that separates region in which different language usages predominate (boundaries of dialects)	76
9789481403	pidgin language	a form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary (a mixture of two languages)	77
9789481404	lingua franca	a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages	78
9789481405	official language	the language adopted for the use by the government	79
9789481406	polyglot	a nation that has more than one official language	80
9789481407	extinct language	a language that is no longer spoken	81
9789481408	literacy	the ability to read and write a language	82
9789481409	toponym	place name given to features of the land	83
9789481410	ideogram	the system of writing that uses symbols instead of letters	84
9789481411	isolated language	a language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to a language family	85
9789481412	creole language	a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language (usually Europeans) with the indigenous language of the people being dominated (natives)	86
9789481413	romance language	languages derived from Latin during the time of the Roman empire	87
9789481414	monotheism	the belief of the existence of one god	88
9789481415	polytheism	belief in or worship of more than one god	89
9789481416	universalizing religion	a religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location	90
9789481417	autonomous religion	a religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally	91
9789481418	hierarchical religion	a religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control	92
9789481419	sect	a relatively small group that has broken away from an establish denomination	93
9789481420	fundamentalism	literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principals of a religion branch, denomination, or sect	94
9789481421	denomination	a large and fundamental division within a religion	95
9789481422	animism	belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life	96
9789481423	pilgrimage	a journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes	97
9789481424	cosmogony	a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe	98
9789481425	Caste system	the class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law. A person is born into their caste and it cannot change.	99
9789481426	missionary	an individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion	100
9789481427	ghetto	during the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to inhabited by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.	101
9789481428	Race	A group of people who share a similar biological ancestor. Includes traits such as skin color and bone structure.	102
9789481429	Ethnicity	Identity with a group of people that share common heredity and cultural traditions.	103
9789481430	Racism	The belief that one race is genetically superior to another.	104
9789481431	Ethnocentrism	The belief that one ethnicity is superior to another.	105
9789481432	Nationalism	Loyalty and devotion to a particular country.	106
9789481433	Ethnic Cleansing	The forced expulsion and resettlement of culture groups through the use of fear and violence.	107
9789481434	Genocide	Killing people of a specific ethnic group.	108
9789481435	Acculturation	The process of adapting to a new culture while still keeping some of one's original culture.	109
9789481436	Assimilation	A complete change in the identity of a minority culture group as it becomes part of the majority culture group.	110
9789481437	Transculturation	The EQUAL flow of culture traits between two groups.	111
9789481438	Apartheid	Racial segregation in South Africa.	112
9789481439	Ethnic Enclave	Small areas inhabited by particular ethnic group. (ghetto)	113
9789481440	Blockbusting	A process by which real estate agents convince white people to sell their homes due to fear of African-American integration.	114
9789481441	Centripetal Force	Cultural and political ideas of nationalism that can bring a country together.	115
9789481442	Centrifugal Force	Something that tears cultures apart.	116
9789481443	microstate	a state that encompasses a very small land area	117
9789481444	landlocked	a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea	118
9789481445	boundary	invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory, can be physical or geometric	119
9789481446	fragmented state	a state that includes several discontinues pieces of territory	120
9789481447	perforated state	a state that completely surrounds another one	121
9789481448	prorupted state	an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension	122
9789481449	compact state	a state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly, usually circular	123
9789481450	elongated state	a long, narrow state	124
9789481451	gerrymandering	the designation of voting districts so as to favor a particular political party or candidate	125
9789481452	colonialism	the expansion of an empire	126
9789481453	sovereignty	supreme or independent political power	127
9789481454	unitary state	a state governed constitutionally as a unit, without internal divisions or a federalist delegation of powers	128
9789481455	imperialism	the perpetuation of a colonial empire even after it is no longer political sovereign	129
9789481456	federal state	an internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government	130
9789481457	colony	a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent	131
9789481458	frontier	an area where borders are shifting and weak and where peoples of different culture or nationalities meet and lay claim to the land	132
9789481459	Heartland Theory	a theory that a political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough power to eventually dominate the world	133
9789481460	Agribusiness	A large-scale farming enterprise for profit.	134
9789481461	Commercial Agriculture	Found in MDCs. The farming of products for sale off the farm in the marketplace.	135
9789481462	Desertification	Any change of fertile land into desert.	136
9789481463	Domestication	The taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food.	137
9789481464	Extensive Agriculture	Type of agriculture that requires large areas of land and minimal labor per unit of land.	138
9789481465	Green Revolution	Increased agricultural production thanks to 20th century technology.	139
9789481466	Industrial Revolution	Change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power.	140
9789481467	Intensive Agriculture	Small amounts of land that produce large amounts of agricultural production.	141
9789481468	Labor Intensive Agriculture	Type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful.	142
9789481469	Organic Agriculture	Production of crops without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.	143
9789481470	Plantation	An estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are cultivated by resident labor.	144
9789481471	Shifting Agriculture	The practice of farming a site until the soil is exhausted, then moving on to a new site.	145
9789481472	Slash and Burn Agriculture	A farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land.	146
9789481473	Subsistence Agriculture	Found in LDCs. Production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family.	147
9789481474	Sustainability	The level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources.	148
9789481527	von Thunen Model		149
9789481475	Crop Rotation	The planting of different crops in a field each year to maintain the soil's fertility.	150
9789481476	Paddy	Wet land where rice is grown.	151
9789481477	Pastoral Nomadism	A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.	152
9789481478	Horticulture	The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.	153
9789481479	Ranching	A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.	154
9789481480	Development	A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.	155
9789481481	Human Development Index	Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy. The maximum score is 1.	156
9789481482	Expendable Income	Money left over after all bills are paid.	157
9789481483	Standard of Living	The quality of life of a nation measured by the basic needs met of the citizens.	158
9789481484	per capita GDP	The GDP divided by the total population.	159
9789481485	GDP	Gross Domestic Product-the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy.	160
9789481486	GNP	Gross National Product - the sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year.	161
9789481487	Life Expectancy	A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live.	162
9789481488	Primary Sector Economy	The part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment (ex. hunting, fishing, mining).	163
9789481489	Secondary Sector Economy	The part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods (ex. factory worker)	164
9789481490	Tertiary Sector Economy	The part of the economy that involves services rather than goods (cashier, waitress, etc.)	165
9789481491	Quaternary Sector Economy	Jobs that deal with the handling and processing of knowledge and information (teaching, tourism, etc.)	166
9789481492	Quinary Sector Economy	Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill (astronaut, brain surgeon, etc.).	167
9789481493	LDC	Less Developed Country (developing country)	168
9789481494	MDC	More Developed Country (developed country)	169
9789481495	Literacy Rate	The percentage of a country's people who can read and write.	170
9789481496	Rostow's Stages of Development	1) Traditional 2) Preconditions of Takeoff 3) Takeoff 4) Drive to Maturity 5) High Mass Consumption	171
9789481497	Gender Equity	A measure of the opportunities given to woman compared to men within a given country.	172
9789481498	agglomeration	grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources	173
9789481499	maquiladora	factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of low labor costs in Mexico	174
9789481500	sustainable development	the idea that people living today should be able to meet their needs without prohibiting the ability of future generations to come	175
9789481501	cottage industry	manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found prior to the Industrial Revolution	176
9789481502	industrial revolution	a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods	177
9789481503	transnational corporation	a firm that conducts business in at least two separate countries; also known as a multinational corporation	178
9789481504	renewable resource	any natural resource that can replenish itself in a relatively short period of time, usually no longer than the length of a human life	179
9789481505	non renewable resource	a resource that cannot be reused or replaced when used up (ex. fossil fuels)	180
9789481506	bulk gaining industry	an industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume then inputs	181
9789481507	bulk reducing industry	industries who final product weigh less than their constituent parts, and whose processing facilities tend to be located close to sources of raw materials	182
9789481508	textile	a fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing	183
9789481509	labor intensive industry	an industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses	184
9789481510	central business district (CBD)	the central area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered	185
9789481511	concentric zone model	(Burgess Model) divides the city into five concentric zones, defined by their function	186
9789481512	edge city	a large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area	187
9789481513	gateway city	a major entry point or city to a country Ex: New York	188
9789481514	gentrification	the rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned, housing of low-income inner-city residents	189
9789481515	hinterland	the market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves	190
9789481516	megacity	a city with over 10 million people	191
9789481517	megalopolis	a region in which several large cities and surrounding areas grow together	192
9789481518	multiple nuclei model	a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve	193
9789481519	primate city	a city that ranks first and dominates a country in terms of population and economy	194
9789481520	rank-size rule	principle that relates cities' relative population size to rank within country	195
9789481521	sector model	an economic model that depicts a city as a series of pie-shaped wedges	196
9789481522	squatter settlement	areas in the city where people have illegally occupied the land and built poor houses (slum or shantytown)	197
9789481523	urban revitalization	a program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use	198
9789481524	white flight	the migration of economically secure white people from racially mixed urban areas toward the suburbs	199
9789481525	world city	a global city that serves as an important linkage or connection point in the global economic system	200
9789481528	Latin American model		201